Native American myth

The aspect of legends is a key part of the Native American or the Indian American history. These stories were told and handed down from generation to generation to better explain certain phenomena that Indian Americans at the time considered to be strange. In most instances, these tales were told in relation to the things that happened around the various Indian American tribes. Among these legends were the plant, animal and creation myth. This essay therefore seeks to examine the relationship between Indian American myths and nature.Long ago, before there were ant people, the world was young and water covered everything. The earth was a great island floating above the seas, suspended by four rawhide ropes representing the four sacred directions. It hung down from the crystal sky. There were no people, but the animals lined in a home above the rainbow. Needing space, they sent Water Beetle to search for room under the seas. Water Beetle dove down deep and brought up mud that spread qu ickly, turning into land that was flat and too soft and wet for the animals to live on. (Andrews, 1988:196+)     Grandfather Buzzard was sent to see if the land hardened. When he flew over the earth, he found the mud had become solid; he flapped in for a closer look. The wind from his wings created valleys and mountains, and flat is why the Cherokee territory has so many mountains today. (Andrews 1988:196+)As the earth stiffened, the animals came down from the rainbow. It was still dark. They needed light, so they pulled the sun out from behind the rainbow, but it was too bright and hot. A solution was urgently needed. The Shamans were told to place the sun higher in the sky. A path was made for it to travel from east to west so that all inhabitants could share in the light. The plants were placed upon the earth. The Creator told the plants and animals to stay awake for seven days and seven nights. (Andrews 1988:196+)Only a few animals managed to do so, including the owls and mo untain lions, and they were rewarded with the power to see in the dark. Among the plants only the cedars, spruces, and pines remained awake. The Creator told these plants that they would keep their hair during the winter, while the other plants would lose theirs. People were created last. The women were able to have babies every seven days. They reproduced so quickly that the Creator feared the world would soon become too crowded. So after that the women could have only one child per year, and it has been that way ever since.Looking at the Native American myths of creation we see that, the basic premises of Native American creation mythology are intertwined with the natural world and frequently include animals that act as creators, messengers, protectors, guardians, and advisers. (Andrews, 1988:196+)   They were often thought to possess human qualities and had the ability to speak, think, and act like humans. Animals such as the coyote, bear, raven, spider, and turtle are often fo und in stories recounting the origin of a tribe. (Andrews, 1988:196+)They were thought of as spiritual guides or important players in the community’s daily existence. In some instances they try to justify what nature had created. For instance, The Mojave, for example, believe that long ago, people lived underground. When their food diminished, they sent a hummingbird to the upper world to search for more. The bird found much food, and the people climbed out of the ground and moved into this new worldAlso, according to the lore of numerous tribes, animals walked the earth prior to man. They helped to Shape, teach, feed and spiritually nurture the people who later lived with them. Animals played a vital role in the life of the Native people, and honoring their spirits could bring blessings, life balance, and abundance. (Ella, 1966:112)   Many Native Americans believed in the special medicine, or power, that each animal held. The mythic beasts were often given the highest resp ect that could be bestowed on a spirit: the role of creator. When an individual or tribe needed assistance, it called upon an animal’s knowledge, power, and spirit. To this day, animals are considered sacred by the Native American peoples and are appealed to in times of need. (Ella, 1966:112)According to the Coyote myth common to Nez Perce, who lived in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon, they trace their ancestry back to the tricky Coyote.   In the beginning, Old Man Coyote stood alone with water surrounding him. Two ducks swam by, and Coyote asked if they had seen anyone else. (Andrews, 1988:196+)  Ã‚     The ducks said no but thought that something might exist under the water. Coyote asked if they would travel underwater for him and report on what they saw.The ducks did as they were asked, finding nothing. He asked again, and the ducks returned with a root. On the third try, they found mud and Coyote was happy. He told the ducks that they could build with it, and he began to shape and mold the mud into an island. He blew on it, and it expanded. He blew again, and it grew into the earth. The ducks said they did not like the earth’s emptiness, so Coyote created grass and trees out of the roots that came from the water. (Andrews 1988:196+)Coyote and the ducks loved the earth, but it was fiat. They wanted rivers, valleys, mountains, and lakes. So it was done. Soon Coyote and the ducks made a perfect earth, but they grew lonely, with only the three of them to sit and enjoy the land. So Coyote molded dirt to form men and then more mud to create many types of male ducks. Soon, they realized that without women, the males could not have children. So with more dirt he made women and female ducks to populate the earth. (Andrews 1988:196+)   This myth does not explain the origin of water, the two ducks and the mud. This probably could be linked to nature.Among the Coyote tales also, is one in, which it is told how the Coyote visited the Porcupine, who scratched his nose until blood flowed freely out over it; he then roasted it until it turned into a piece of fine meat. Coyote invited his host to return the visit in two days. He tried to imitate the Porcupine, but failed ignominiously. He next visited the Wolf, who roasted two arrow points that were transformed into minced meat. (Bruchac 1999:5-9)Again the Coyote tried to imitate his host, but failed. Compare with this the tradition of the Chinook, who tell how Bluejay tried to imitate his host; that of the Comox, Nootka, and Kwakiutl of Vancouver island, and of the Bella Coola and Tsimshian of Northern British Columbia, who tell the same story of the Raven; that of the Ponca, who tell the same story of Ictinike, and that of the Micmac, who relate how the Rabbit tried to imitate his host. Although the peculiar method of producing food by magic is not always the same, the whole stories are identical to all intents and purposes. (Bruchac 1999:5-9)Later on it is told how the Coyote w as playing with his eyes, tearing them out of their sockets and throwing them up; then they fell back into their sockets. We find the identical incident among the Shuswap in the interior of British Columbia and among the Blackfeet. Once upon a time the Coyote met the Brown Giant. He proposed to him that they should vomit. He placed a large piece of pine bark before each as a dish, and bade the Brown Giant keep his eyes shut till he was told to open them. (Bruchac 1999:5-9) Coyote vomited bugs and worms, while the Brown Giant vomited fat venison. Coyote exchanged the dishes, and then told the Giant to open his eyes. The Shuswap ascribe the same trick to Coyote when he met the Cannibal Owl. (Bruchac 1999:5-9)The people sought to divine their fate. (Clements 1986:220)   They threw a hide scraper into the water, saying, â€Å"If it sinks, we perish; if it floats, we live.† It floated, and all rejoiced. Then Coyote repeated the same test with a stone. It sank, and therefore peop le die. Among the Black feet, the first woman asked the â€Å"Old Man† if people would be immortal. In order to decide this question he threw a buffalo chip into the water, saying that if it floated people would resurrect on the fourth day after their death. It floated. Then the woman took a stone, saying, â€Å"If it floats, we will always live; it sinks, people must die.† It sank, and therefore people died. (Clements 1986:220) This again tends to explain the mystery of death thereby emphasizing the point that, Native American myths are closely tied to nature as death is natural.There also existed the myth of plant among the Indian Americans. This specifically was the corn myth and was common among North Carolina-Cherokee Indians. It held that, many years ago there was an old woman who lived happily with her grandson until the boy turned seven years old. On his birthday she gave him a bow and arrow with which to hunt. (White 1993:164) On his first expedition he came b ack with a small bird. She was very proud of him and told him so.The Grandmother went out to her storeroom behind the lodge in which they lived. She soon came back with corn in a basket. She made a delicious soup with the corn and the little bird. (Bruchac 1999:5-9) Everyday that the boy brought home the fruits of his hunt his grandmother would go to the storehouse and bring back the corn to make the meal. The boy became very curious and decided to follow her. He watched her as she stood in front of her basket and rubbed her hand along the side of her body. As she did this the corn filled the basket. He became afraid and thought that she might be a witch. He hurriedly returned to the lodge. (Bruchac, 1999:5-9)When the Grandmother came in she knew that he had seen what she had done. She told him that because of this she must die and leave him. She would tell him what to do so that there would always be food for their people. She said, â€Å"When I die, go to the south side of the lo dge and clear the Earth until it is completely bare. Then drag my body along the Earth seven times and bury me in the ground.† (Bruchac, 1999:5-9)The boy did as he was told. He dragged her body over the Earth and wherever a drop of her blood fell to the ground a small plant would appear. He kept the ground cleared around each plant and soon they grew very tall with long tassels of silk at the top which reminded him of his Grandmother’s long hair. Eventually ears of corn grew and his Grandmother’s promise came true. Even though the Grandmother has passed from this Earth she is still present as the corn plant to feed her people. (Bruchac, 1999:5-9)Native American Indian also had the horse myth, which was part of the animal myths. This myth was generally known as the sky dog myth as it holds for other animals. This myth holds that, a long, long time ago we had to walk and walk from sky to sky, from camp to camp. (Dutton, 1996: 94) Our dogs carried our rawhide bags a nd pulled our travois sleds. We walked so much that we wore out many moccasins going across the plains. Of a sudden, one day, coming from Old Man’s sleeping room, west of the mountains, we saw some strange looking beasts. (Yolen, 1990:62) They were as big as elk and they had tails of straw.Lying across the backs of these beasts were two Kutani men. One beast was pulling a travois sled. We became afraid because we did not understand. My best friend, Jumps-Over-the-Water hid behind his mother’s skirt. The bravest of all of us known as Running Bear, ran behind the nearest tipi to hide. I was so frightened I could not move. I was away from the safety of my father’s tipi. The men in our tribe yelled that we were not to be afraid that we were the mighty Piegans who took the land sway from the Kutani. As I looked around I saw that they were afraid. They all had big eyes and four of them had their hunting bows aimed. Then our chief Long Arrow laughed. He said, â€Å"Th ese are from Old Man. They are a gift like the elk, antelope, buffalo and bighorn sheep they are called Sky Dogs†. (Yolen, 1990: 62)To wrap up this discussion, it worthy to note that most Native American myth were a bid to provide an explanation for what nature had created. It is for this reason that we have the creation myth, the sky dog myth, and the plant myth, to name these. Thus the contention that, literary analysis of Native American myths emphasizes a bond with nature.BIBLIOGRAPHYBruchac J. (1991) Native American Stories. Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing.Clements M.W. (1986) Native American Folklore in Nineteenth-Century Periodicals.Athens Swallow PublicationElla C. (l966) Indian Legends from the Northern Rockies, Oklahoma: University ofOklahoma Press.Yolen J. (1990) Sky Dogs. Harcourt CA 92101.Dutton B. and Olin C. (1996) Myths and Legends of the Indians of the Southwest. SantaBarbara Bellerophon Books.White H.M. (1993)   Everyday Life of the North American Indian, New York Indian HeadBooks.MagazinesAndrews T. J. (1998) World and I. â€Å"Share in the Light: Native American Stories ofCreation†.vol.13 News World Communications

What are the arguments for and against the state taking on responsibility for social welfare?

The different arguments for and against the state taking on responsibility for social welfare have been powerfully put across by people of opposing political persuasions in Britain over the last 60 years. In this essay, therefore, I intend to use Britain's welfare state to exemplify arguments for and against the state taking primary responsibility for social welfare. The welfare state in Britain was introduced in 1945 by the newly elected Labour government. Although this was the first comprehensive attempt at creating a functional welfare state it is important to note that it was not an entirely new policy. In fact, we can trace back to 1601 to find an early attempt at implementing a state welfare provision – the Poor Law. The theory behind this legislation was that the poor were to be categorized into the deserving (â€Å"the impotent poor†) and the undeserving (â€Å"the persistent idlers†). There were many obvious flaws in the methodology and logic in the implementation of the Poor Law but it must be recognised that this was an early attempt at providing a social welfare system. This demonstrates that for hundreds of years a case has been made for some measure of state social welfare provision. It is also vital not to underestimate the impact the studies carried out by social researchers such as Rowntree (1901) and Booth (1902) had on the forming and implementation of a social welfare provision in 1945. The Beveridge report (1942) pointed to the â€Å"chaotic† and â€Å"piecemeal† introduction of changes into the system and stated the need for a new and more comprehensive system to be installed. Beveridge's report was underpinned by the need to cure the â€Å"five giants†. Beveridge identified these â€Å"five giants† as: Idleness, Squalor, Ignorance, Want and Disease. He identified the need for a state commitment to securing full employment to combat idleness. He argued public housing must be available for all citizens to rent. To cure ignorance he suggested the need for a free education system for anyone up to the age of 15. He suggested the implementation of a national health service to help cure disease. Finally, Beveridge argued that National Insurance benefits should be handed out to all in need. The welfare state had to be introduced in a series of acts, notably the National Health Service Act (1946), the Education Act (1944), the Family Allowance Act (1945). At the time there was much reluctance towards carrying out all of the proposals. The arguments against this degree of state provision stemmed from concerns about cost and the fundamental principles of welfare (e. g. how decisions are made and who should be entitled to receive welfare). Because of the reluctance that grew from the fact that these arguments were never resolved. Beveridge's suggestions were never fully implemented but his ideas still clearly formed the inspiration for the future of welfare reform. One of the main criticisms of Beveridge's proposals and of the concept of a welfare state is that a number of important assumptions have to be made for it to function successfully. For example, within the report, Beveridge makes the assumption that married women would be full time housewives and that for most of their lives women would not be employed. Therefore, married women would only receive benefits through men, thus, creating a culture which encourages women's reliance on men. Because of this feminists have argued that the British welfare state relied on a â€Å"familial ideology† and treated women as second class citizens. This example of the role of women within the welfare state illustrates the point that any welfare system is not neutral that is based on ideological assumptions. These assumptions will influence the way that different members of the public will respond to state provision of welfare. Another example of these ideological assumptions would be the 17th century belief that only the â€Å"impotent poor† deserve state welfare. The economics of Britain's state welfare system have also come under a lot of criticism. These critics argue there are some fundamental flaws with the economic ideology underpinning the system. Firstly, for the welfare state to operate properly and fairly their must be nearly full employment in the country where it is based as, in theory, this will maximize tax revenue and minimize unemployment benefits. This system worked relatively effectively until the early 1970's. However, due to the relative decline of the UK economy, Britain suffered an economic crisis and unemployment started rising rapidly. Since then mass unemployment has been a serious problem within British society. Critics suggest that this is proof of how dependent a welfare state is on a prosperous economy. Basically this meant that the welfare state was reliant on capitalism – rather than contributing to the undermining or softening of its most brutal aspects . The New Right have made strong arguments against state welfare provision. The 1979 election brought into power a conservative government that had a new and radical approach to public expenditure and the welfare state as a whole. Probably the most notable change in policy brought in by the New Right was the end of the commitment to full employment that previous governments had encouraged. The New Right believed in a â€Å"natural level of employment†. They felt that this â€Å"natural level of employment† was being undermined by wages being too high due to the actions of trade unions. Therefore, they argued that the market would solve unemployment by creating downward pressure on wages. Because of this, the differential between wages and benefits was increased by creating downward pressure on benefit levels and therefore welfare expenditure. However, despite this right wing shift in political thinking, there was no major change in welfare expenditure until the late 1980's. The year 1988 was an important one in terms of implications for the welfare state as it represented a far more radical application of New Right thinking towards the welfare state. Firstly, the New Right introduced a shift from the previous system of universal provision towards a system based more upon selective provision. For example, some of the benefits that were previously available to everyone (universal) became only available to some via a â€Å"means test† (selective). This was a big move that completely contradicted the universal method employed by previous more left wing governments. Another change made by the New Right was the introduction of privatization and marketization. An example of this is the case of the sale of council houses. The public housing stock was privatized and sold off in an attempt to create a market for the council housing which had originally in Beveridge's thinking, been intended for public ownership and private rent. Another major shift made by the Conservative government was towards community care. There was a trend for mentally ill, elderly and disabled people to be moved from institutions to care in the community. However, what this basically meant was that rather than institutional care the responsibility was shifted onto the family. It is also very important to note that care in the community was considerably cheaper for the state to maintain than institutional care. The New Right also consciously made an effort to change the public's perception of welfare – shifting away from the view that the state is the only provider of welfare. The responsibility of the state was reduced through the encouragement of private provision and by emphasizing the importance of the charitable and voluntary sector. This is one of the central strands of the argument against state welfare provision. At this juncture it is important to consider the effect privatization has had on society and the welfare state. Since the New Right introduced new policy pertaining to welfare in 1979 there have been a number of examples of the UK government seeking to encourage private provision of welfare. People have been encouraged to take out private insurance plans for their welfare needs and the number of people covered by private health insurance rose from 2. million to 5. 2 million between 1976 and 1986 (Julian Le Grand, 1990). In the mid 1980's the Conservative government tried to shift sickness insurance and pension insurance into the private sector also. These plans, however, never came to fruition owing to major criticism and insurance companies expressing a reluctance to take up policies for all employees Hutton (1996) strongly criticizes the New Rights welfare expenditure policy. He argues against the belief that public expenditure should be reduced during troubled times for the economy. Hutton believes that the cuts are spurred by political ideology rather then by economic need. In Hutton's words â€Å"apart from Iceland, Britain runs the meanest, tightest, lowest-cost social security system in the world†. Hutton alleges that the twenty-first century will see a large rise in the amount of tax revenue available to fund welfare payments. The voluntary sector must also be discussed when considering arguments for and against the state taking on responsibility for the welfare state. Organizations such as Barnados, the Salvation Army and the NSPCC provide voluntary care. They serve a different role to statutory bodies set up by Parliament, but the views of these voluntary providers are respected and need to be taken into account as well. These organizations tend to have specialized expertise and experience in certain areas and the government can benefit from this knowledge. A major bonus of voluntary provision is that they are often very cost effective as unpaid volunteers are often used. It is estimated by Knapp (1989) that the total amount of public-sector support for voluntary provision between 1983 and 1986 was i3151 million. However, there are also inherent weaknesses in voluntary provision. The biggest and most blatant problem stems from the nature of voluntary work as it cannot be guaranteed. Critics also point to the fact that voluntary work may be unequally provided across the country. The service can therefore be inconsistent and the advice from the voluntary sector to government might differ depending on the region. It is also suggested that due to financial restrictions the voluntary sector will never be anything more than a secondary level service that relies on the state or private sector provision. Social security benefits are the most redistributive aspect of the welfare state as they distribute income to the poorest people in the country. A point in favour of a social welfare system, from a socialist or social democratic perspective, is that the social security benefits can be used to redistribute wealth to make society economically fairer by heavily taxing the rich and giving it to the poorest people in society. On the other hand, opponents see this as a Robin Hood aspect of state social welfare which demotivates both the richest and the poorest people in the country – encouraging idleness (one of the â€Å"five giants† beveridge was trying to eradicate) amongst the poor and encouraging the rich to leave the country. The New Right when in power, therefore, cut back on the redistributive aspects of welfare provision. The one-off grant system that was previously in effect was replaced in the 1986 and 1988 security acts and 16 to 18 year olds entitlement to income support was revoked. In current political debates the Conservative party, now in opposition frequently accuse the Labour party of redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor via â€Å"underhand† or â€Å"stealthy† methods. This is an indication that the argument about the extent to which the state should take responsibility for social welfare remains highly contested. Where you stand on this issue is fundamental to your political beliefs and how you will vote.

Cultural Norms Essay

Society comes from the French word â€Å"socià ©tà ©Ã¢â‚¬  and the Latin word â€Å"societas† which mean fellowship and companionship respectively. Other popular definitions of society are; a group of people living together because of their same interests and ways of living. All countries of the world have their own set of societies that varies depending on its citizens preferred ways of living. Societies are defined by historical events, norms and the cultures that the specific society has become accustomed to. The most influential aspect of a certain civilization to a society is its culture.   The word ‘culture’ has many meanings. It could mean the way of living of certain societies or the cultivation of plants and other things that could be cultivated.   Culture is one of the strong driving points of a society because, from its definitions, it is the collection of traits that define the people of a society and even a whole civilization.   It is the collection of traits that has been acquired by people from different experiences and events that have happened in their and other people’s lives.   Culture greatly defines the kinds of societies.   But, culture is broad.   It consists of several other ‘traits’ that give it definition.   One of which is ‘norms’. Norms are the practices that people in societies call normal.   If having unlimited children in a society is a norm, then having unlimited children is normal. Thus, if you have no children or refuse to have more than what you already have, in that society, you would be considered abnormal.   If norms are what define cultures and cultures are what define societies and civilizations as a whole, by deductive reasoning, the norms are what support the societies. Different countries have different cultures.   This is because different countries are composed of multitudes of different norms.   Norms are commonly established when a majority of the society’s population practice a particular or common habit of living.   Other justifications are when the leader of that society orders its subordinates or people to follow his rules thus making his preferences norms. Norms and cultures have broad meanings that are difficult and complex to explain.   To help explain these ideas, use of examples would be most appropriate.   A particularly good example that can help explain the function of ‘norms’ in defining a culture is the general differentiation of the East from the West. The people of the Orient consider living with nature while practicing art in forms of sculpture, pottery, painting, and writing poems as the general norm.   On the other hand, the West considers building and using machines and other inventions in making discovery, art, and everyday living more bearable and easier for its people.   The Orient used herbs and natural oils in curing their sicknesses and relied on priests to make the sicknesses go away.   In the West, discovery of medicines and other man-made products that help make the common people healthy is the norm for medicines. The general norms of the East and the West were established from the habits that the residents of the different cultures have grown to practice.   Their geographical location also helped in establishing their norms.   Also, in some countries, the rulers dictated the norms.   Other factors that gave their cultures essence are religion, art, war, and ethics which were established from their norms. I am an American citizen.   Living in America has taught me to be self-confident and judgmental at times but I understand that today, skin color, artistic preferences, and religion are more similar in every culture than different and I believe that to close the gap between the culture disparities of different nations, understanding of other cultures must be exercised before making judgments. References: Bibikova, A. and Kotelnikov V. (n.d.). East versus West. Retrieved September 18, 2007 from http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/cultures_east-west-phylosophy.html Calverley, N. (2006). â€Å"Where did the term â€Å"The West† originate?†. Retrieved September 18, 2007 from http://hnn.us/articles/25977.html Culture. Merriam-Webster online dictionary. Retrieved September 18, 2007 from http://m-w.com/dictionary/culture Norm. Merriam-Webster online dictionary. Retrieved September 18, 2007 from http://m-w.com/dictionary/norm Swindler, A. (n.d). Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies. Retrieved September 18, 2007 from http://www.asanet.org/galleries/default-file/Unit3.pdf

Other topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Other topic - Essay Example The essay describes which book was more effective in regard to the style used by the author. Dracula is timeless novel and seems more effective in the writing style than Christine. Dracula is written as a collection of diary sections, letters, telegrams, and notices. According to (Stoker 7) Dracula writes a letter to Jonathan Harker welcoming him to Carpathians. The thought, Stoker lets us know in the note toward the start of the novel, is to present the events of the story as basic actuality, despite the fact that some section of the events are difficult to accept. The accumulation of archives is similar to a pile of confirmation being introduced at court. The truth is out – as the reader, you get the opportunity to go about as judge and jury. The written work style is direct and extremely quick – the characters write in their diaries basically as events are occurring, so the reader encounters the events as the characters do. The novel, Dracula, is made out of a progression of first-person diaries, letters, and statements, which implies there are various narrators, and different perspectives are there represented. Stokers prefatory statement clarifies this, and demands that the main editing that has been done is to cross out anything that isnt important to the story. All the diaries and letters, generally, are precisely as they were initially composed. Dracula is an action-packed narration about vampires and how to execute them. Since it is told from different perspectives through a collection of journal sections, letters, and notes, theres not a considerable measure of boredom. The story moves along at a really decent clasp, so there is never time to be exhausted. The dialect is sometimes troublesome only in light of the fact that it was composed more than a century ago, and there are some dark chronicled and social references that may exhausting for modern readers. In Christine, the author uses almost similar style

See the Message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

See the Message - Essay Example Arguably, this is an unethical way of governing a region, as it is important for the rulers to scrutinize the reasons for the theft cases. The punishment of a livestock thief should not be equivalent to that involving violence. The English society The growth of a particular society lies upon several characters within and outside the society. The English society involves people of diverse groups living in England. There are two principal groups of individuals in England namely, the wealthy and the poor also referred to as the peasants. It is vital to look into the political background to ensure there is a clear establishment of the concepts that affect the characters delighted to join the political rallies of the country. The peasants have their right to ownership violated by the rich. To ensure that the political environment is clear and favorable to different individuals, there should be a scrutiny of the political models in politics. This helps improve the power that particular ind ividuals have when carrying out political activities. The English society looks into amalgamating public lands into private ownership (Bodden 8). This is a source of increased theft, as the individuals previously occupying the land forcefully vacate to search for ways to feed their families. Therefore, for a decrease in theft cases, there should be a stoppage of the rich from occupying peasant lands. This is one of the ways to enable individuals have better ways of providing for their families. Problems of the English society The immorality of capital punishment for theft Capital punishment concerning theft refers to punishment subjecting a thief to death. This is against the stipulations of the law, despite provisions in the amendment of law, which encompasses all that which should proceed to an individual involved in theft case for the third time (More 60). In the English society, death in theft cases is vital to have a reduction in the number of individuals involved in theft crim es. Secondly, it is a way of imposing punishment to individuals prone to frequent stealing. It also instills fear to other individuals out there and who belonged to the gangster group. The English society uses capital punishment on theft cases with the thought that it helps impede further theft cases in the communities. It helps enhance security to individuals living in the societies, as the robbers may find it difficult to have a smooth time when carrying out their normal burglary operations. The punishment is also an effective way of hindering young people from growing to be thugs (More 11). This is because of the fear instilled in them regarding punishment on individuals convicted with theft cases. On the contrary, capital punishment is not vital for a government looking into the wellbeing of the individuals of the English society (Bodden 11). The English society evicts community lands for corporate use leaving some individuals with inadequate sources of wealth. This is the prima ry reason for individuals to adopt theft actions, since they lack ways of providing for their families. Therefore, it is the mandate of the government to ensure that it provides better working environments for individuals to earn their living and provide for their families. The government should however, make stipulations regarding readjusting the punishment imposed on individuals who steal to secure the necessities of their families. An oligarchy that controls

Academic Report and Financial Calculations 04033 Essay

Academic Report and Financial Calculations 04033 - Essay Example Its appropriateness is examined and the benefit is extracted so as to decipher whether it is acceptable by the company in the present situation (Schlingemann, Stulz and Walkling, 2009; Valipour, Moradi and Farsi, 2012). This is essential for developing a strong business relation between the suppliers and companies. The suppliers should abide the policies that are followed by the company. Similar case is seen in the case study of LJC Ltd. LJC Ltd is fruit and vegetable supplier, who aims at delivering value and good quality handpicked fruits and vegetables to the small retailers. Though it is a family run business, but it has seen success in the past 80 years through their business operation as a constant effort to connect to big companies. LJC Ltd is trying to negotiate with the small supermarket chain known as Co-share for the past twelve months. The deal is to manage the fruit and vegetable packing and distribution of Co-share. Co-share has 160 stores that are operating in South East and Midlands. The company is very strict regarding the business ethics and the fair trade policies. For LJC Ltd, the contract will increase the volume of products, which are managed by the business. In order to assist Co-share in their business, LJC Ltd has to use fair trade products and develop best HR practices such as equality policies and staff development. Project A and B is evaluated for identifying the best project for LJC Ltd. Payback period is the span of time, which is required for recovering cost of investment that is made by a company (Valerie, Cook and Ali, 2010; Marić, Kamberović and Radlovacki, 2011; Amihud and Mendelson, 2010; Arshad, 2012; Easley and O’Hara, 2009). As per Appendix 1a, it is observed that the project A will incur positive cumulative cash flow in the third year. Therefore, payback is calculated on the basis of the positive cash flow that is incurred from the project. The cumulative cash flow at the end of 4th year is  £ 60500. Therefore, by

Biometric Authentication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biometric Authentication - Essay Example This kind of authentication is what is referred to as biometric authentication. The security of a nation is very sensitive and therefore military bases and locations of security valuables need to be under 24 hour surveillance to ensure that there is no breaching in the perimeter. Ministries of defense in various developed countries have therefore employed biometric authentication in their military bases to restrict access to only authorized personnel and not just anyone. This paper will be assessing biometric authentication in the context of Ministry of Defense and its necessities, alternatives, weaknesses and strengths among other pertinent issues. Why is a dedicated biometric "solution" needed? Briefly and critically review leading edge approaches to role based authentication. What alternative solution(s) are applicable to this context of use? Provide their distinction(s) to rule-based authentication mechanisms. The biometrics technology does not go without fault as it has been ter med as both a promising and disruptive technology. The inapplicability of the current authentication services deem a dedicated biometric solution extremely necessary. ... It should also be unique to a particular person. Another important factor is permanence. This is in relation to the manner in which the biometric changes over time. Role-based access control is a concept of two extremes. At one end, it is simple while the other end is characterized by sophistication. According to the NIST model (Ferraiolo et.al, 2007), there are four sequential approaches to role based authentication. The sequence is arranged in terms of increasing functional capabilities. The first is the flat role-based access control. It embodies the essential aspects of role based access control. According to this approach, permissions and users are assigned to roles and therefore for a user to gain permission, it is necessary for them to be part of a role. It is however key to note that many roles can be assigned to one user while one role can be assigned to many users. The second is hierarchical role based access control. This level adds a requirement which supports the hierarc hy in that the senior staff gains permission of the juniors. This approach has two levels. The first level is general hierarchical role-based authentication. In this case, there is support for an arbitrary partial order to serve as the role hierarchy. In the second level, restrictions may be imposed in the role hierarchy by the system and this level is referred to as restricted hierarchical role-based authentication. The third approach is constrained RBAC. Separation of duties, a technique that existed before the computer to reduce the possibility of fraud and accidental damage, is added as a requirement in this approach. There are two ways in which separation of duties can be implicated and they are static, and dynamic

Assessments for Marketing Management Term Paper

Assessments for Marketing Management - Term Paper Example In order to effect substantial growth, businesses have aimed to market their businesses beyond their geographical borders. This has made way to international marketing enabling businesses to compete at a global scale. As part of s marketing strategy, it is vital for a business to ascertain its status and relevance within a market in order to pave any way forward. The timing and the level of consumer demand help a business in establishing the right marketing avenue. The one in charge of the marketing strategy is usually the marketing managers in many organizations. In addition, a business should have detailed objectives and a better understanding of their businesses in order to initiate appropriate and cost friendly marketing engagement strategies. In this context, the marketing principle collides with strategic planning for effective implementation of the goals intended plan (Hill & Jones, 2012). For a long time, this form of management depended on three crucial aspects that are the customer, the competitor, and the company analysis aspects. These constitute the three C’s of marketing. However, this paper will dwell on various aspects that contribute towards effective marketing and access of a market audience. Question 1: Different needs that most consumers have Majorly, there are categories of consumer needs. These needs are stated, real, unstated, delight and secret needs. Ideally, a customer buys a product mainly for its ability to offer a solution to the need presented. In a break down, stated needs are those that a customer has articulated and seen the importance of having as a matter of priority. Here the cost of the solutions not the customer’s priority but the priority is the having any product satisfy the need. In addition, the taste or the choices of the product do not matter, as it is a matter of immediate problem solving and not spoiled choice. The second type of need is the real needs category that involves the consumer’s speci fic action in to what they are looking for. For instance, a consumer may mention what they do need but when it comes to the actual search or picking of the solution to their problem, they may pick on something different. In this regard, the price of the product that they intend to buy may hinder them from going for the most expensive hence meeting the real need with a relatively affordable product. Thirdly, there are the unstated needs that a customer may have but they do not say them out loud (Krishnamacharyulu & Ramakrishnan, 2011). This is to mean that these are needs, which a customer may not express, but still expected by the consumer. Essentially, these could be in terms the consumer expected prices of the commodity and assistance in ascertaining which product will have a pocket friendly price. In this regard, this need draws facilitation from the retailer selling the products. The fourth need that a consumer may have is the delight need that entails the surprise additional be nefits of acquiring the product during its sale. In essence, it is more appealing to a consumer when the product that they intended to buy has a buy one-get one free tag line. Ideally, any consumer would tend to go for a product that will give more for less irrespective of their quality attributes. Therefore, a consumer may go out to buy products to solve their needs but then change their minds when they get to the retail store because of the extra incentive factor. Lastly, the fifth type of need is the secret needs that are concealed inside a consumer’s head. Essentially, these are the needs, which application of a product solution will help the consumer be like a symbol within the products image. For instance, the hidden need when one uses a facial cream would be the need to become as the beauty queens used

Indiana State University School of Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Indiana State University School of Music - Essay Example The concert also aims at promoting and showing off the talents in the faculty of artists by offering them a chance to compare their undertakings to the skills and techniques used by the performers. This can, not only give them courage in presenting to the audience, but also give them chances for them to find opportunities outside their institution. This is because, there were no limitations of inviting the audience, and hence, the local industry in the theatre metrics and media could find their way in to select for the best actor. This means that, the concert can be an opening opportunity to express the capabilities as they build experiences due to the interactions with the experts in the industry. The title of the concert shows that Sharilyn Spicknail will feature the rest of the colleagues with a violin. Martha Krasnican featured the concert with the piano together with Kurt Fowler who plays cello. The featured group seemed to rock the jazz styles as the rhythm system can justify. Playing the instruments with their styles seemed to be the common goal of the artistic student as there are always some conflicts in rhyming to most of the learners, which is the biggest challenge. Nevertheless, the concert is deemed to correct the anomalies in the 2012-2013 season. In the events program, one can note that there are four pieces to be presented in the concert. The first two pieces do not have any spate sections, hence they are performed continuously. After the two performances, an intercession break is given and then the last two are acted in each after the other. According to the program, each piece has three sections or movements, which the audience can be easily, count its end although occasionally the composer without any silence always connects the movements. The titles of the movements indicate the characters or the speed to be used by the composer on each movement in a piece. These movement’s titles can be of any language although most of them are Italian since it was the first international language of the music industry. Having three movements each, a piece was named with the author name at the end and the years of its composition in order to draw the attentions of the audience of when each piece existed and the surrounding techniques involved. This also helps the audience to identify various genres or its evolution from year to the other.

Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement in Peruvian History Essay

Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement in Peruvian History - Essay Example Its impact also exceeded the Peruvian border. Indeed the Cuban Revolution was one of the direct consequences of the Tupac Amaru. Victor Polay and Nestor Cerpa Cartolini: Victor Polay Campos is the founder of Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) in 1983 and is the leader of the group military Tribunal in 1989. He appears to keep hold of a position of his family say that Campos, fluent in Spanish, French and also Basque. He gets sentenced several times but last for 32 years prison on March 21st, 2006. ‘Campos’ is the son of victor Polay- Risco, the founder of Peruvian Aprista party and is the son of a half Chinese comes in Peru to work in the sugarcane plantations. Nestor Cepra Cartolini: (born in 14, August, 1953 Lima) in a working class district of La Victoria. He becomes the leader of the Peruvian Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). As a union leader in the 1970s, involves in the invasion by workers of the Cromotex Textile factory in December 1978. In the ea rly 1980s, becomes involved with the nascent MRTA and comes to the leader position of the San Martin Zone Committee in haste and after that to the national leadership of MRTA. Origin of Amaru Revolutionary Movement The MRTA originates from the amalgamation of the â€Å"Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Socialist Party† and the militant section of the â€Å"Revolutionary Left Movement† in 1980. A number of former members of the Peruvian Army participate in the leftist â€Å"Government of the Juan Velasco Alvarado† (1968-1975). Whereas the â€Å"Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Socialist Party† rose from a legal political background, the â€Å"Revolutionary Left Movement† was a faction of the â€Å"Revolutionary Left Movement†, a Castroist guerrilla group which suffered a sheer defeat in 1965. The MRTA attempts to bring other leftist movements on a unified platform, following the first autonomous elections in Peru after the military regime of Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968–1980). Operations of Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement: The first operation of the Tupac Amaru Activists occurs on 31 May, 1982. In the operation , five members of the organization under the leadershp of Victor Polay Campos and Jorge Talledo Feria robbed a bank in La. Both Victor Campos and Jorge Talledo were the members of the Central committee of the organization. In the operation, for the time, the movement lost its member Talledo. Peru’s counterterrorist agenda diminish the strength of the group to carry out more operation and through the passage of time, the organization suffers from internal clashes as well as aggressive clashes with other Maoist rival, the imprisonment or the pass away of the senior leaders and loss of leftist support in 2001. The fighters of the organization led an attack on the town of Jean located in the northern part of Cajamarca on 6 July 1992. After a severe shootout, they were driven out of the town and a police ma n named Eladio Garcia died in the firefight. In its final but the most violent operation, Fourteen armed Activists of the Tupac Amaru Movement took up the Japanese Ambassador’s abode in Lima and held 72 â€Å"hostages for more than four months†. In December, 1996, the last major action of the Tupac Amaru guerrillas ended unsuccessfully with the death of Nestor Cerpa Cartolini, the second Commander

School Size And Achievement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

School Size And Achievement - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the type of schools that students attend have been found to impact on the achievements that they get despite importance in potential. In the examination of the impact, there is the use of cross sectional data to bring the issue. There has been the finding that the relationship that occurs between one that attends middle or junior or junior high schools and the performance of the students. The study that was conducted could not well allow the conclusion whether the difference was due to the difference in the grade level configuration in characteristics across different characteristic and configuration .The studies that were conducted were focused on the non-academic outcomes such as self-esteem, school safety and suspension. The main aim of the study is that it discovers the subject of middle and junior high schools in a Canadian context. In addition, the paper uses longitudinal data from an entire province versus a single city. This is an important exercise as New York City has an exclusive educational environment, and results from that city may not be generalizable to other settings and locations. For instance, unlike New York City, British Columbia has a wide variety of urban and rural schools over a very large geographic area

The Current Status of Women in Middle East Countries Essay Example for Free

The Current Status of Women in Middle East Countries Essay Part I: Reasons why women are reaching a stagnant point in the Arab countries and how this could possibly change:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to feminists, the current status of women in Middle East countries is strongly attributed to state policies.   Scholarly information from studies conducted on the status of Middle East women have indicated that the changes that have taken place in the legal status of women and in their social placement in society have very much been determined by the changes taking place in political constitution of various states and regimes. The status of women and gender relations have also been equally determined by other factors like class structure, economic and demographic characteristic Religion can also not be ruled out as it has tremendous influence on the system of governance in many countries in this region.   Revolutionary projects carried out in Iran and Afghanistan but which did not yield good results act as a clear guideline on the status of women in Arab countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The societies in the Arab world are predominantly patriarchal.   The role of a woman as wife and mother is still held with a lot of esteem in these societies.   Women are reproducers, educators of children and socialisers whereby they are responsible for implementing societal and cultural values in the young ones. These societies are also predominantly Islamic, a religion that still holds the family as the most fundamental unit of society and places greet responsibility on women about raising devout Muslims as well as transmitting cultural values.   Child bearing is therefore the central labor activity for the females while the men are responsible for the general upkeep of the family.   The place of the woman in a Muslim society therefore remains the home and the activities surrounding it. Muslim family law also gives the male members of the society extensive control over key decisions affecting the life of the women under their control for example in issues concerning marriage, education, business and mobility. Women in the Arab countries are still subjected to some form of subordination to the males and restrictive codes of behavior that govern their lives. There is sex segregation towards women and family honor is closely associated with female virtue.   As a result any attempts to change family virtues or the family structure has often met with a lot of resistance in the Arab world especially from revolutionary groups that have been operating under the concept of defending Islam such as the Taliban in Afghanistan.   Tribal-Islamist opposition groups also play a major role in opposing any attempts to change the status of women in these societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Arab countries, marriage is still predominantly an agreement between families rather than between two individuals who hold equal rights in society. A husband has absolute rights over his wife’s body and such issues as marital rape are not recognized. Women are therefore still under male control and any attempt to achieve in their social status is viewed as resistance to made dominance.   The community has tremendous influence over a woman’s life in Arab countries a factor that can be seen in the societies refusal to do away with the veil even at a time when civilization has advanced in these countries.   As a result, the veil has widely been viewed as a civilizational threat to the position of the modern woman in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wars that characterize several Arab nations have also been a threat to the status of women.   This is because even after their husbands have been recruited and probably died in war, women especially in the poor backgrounds cannot freely venture out to fed for their families and they still have to rely on male members of the family such as the older sons. This has subjected the women and their children to a lot of unnecessary suffering. There has also been a tendency in these nations to limit the political exposure of women, a factor that has resulted from the concept of male dominance in these societies.   In such a way, it has been difficult for women to push for change as society still holds views that their position should be in the house.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A lot can be done to assist the women and improve their status in society.   Women for example should be given freedom in education.  Ã‚   This is because modernization demands more labor in high profile jobs. Wars should be a great lesson and women should be given a chance of being economically stable to avoid desperate situations in the event of the death of the family’s breadwinner during war.   Education will also give women better chances of employment and produce women who are able to strongly advocate for change in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because family law in Arab nations greatly determines state and legal policies relating to gender and family matters,   perhaps these laws should be reviewed to give the women more influence in the family and society.   Various Arab governments should also give attention to demands by women on the improvement of their political, civil and social rights. Part II: Authoritative governments and the rise of fundamental Muslim groups   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Arab world, the main religion is predominantly Islam, a religion that has played a major role in determining the political, social and civil structures in these nations. Religious and state matters are intertwined in such a way that it becomes difficult to make a clear distinction between the two. Islamic law applies to every aspect of life in the Arab nations ranging from matters related to everyday life, to state matters such as the system of governance and even foreign relations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With modernization, the Muslim world has come into contact with the Western world, an aspect that has led to mixed reactions in different Arab nations. This is as a result of the major economic, political and social-cultural developments that have resulted from this type of contact. In most of the Muslim countries the political systems are based on Islamic laws derived from the Quran and this has resulted in the concept of Islamic States through which Arab countries want to exert their influence and change the Western culture to conform to Islamic way of life. There has also been widespread resistance to Western influence and these factors have led to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. A strive has risen among the Arabs between those who feel that Islam should determine the political culture of the Arab nations and those who prefer secular governments that have institutions modeled on Western governments. Islamic fundamentalist feel that Arab governments have established state constitutions that are too compliant with other religions or doctrines. It is therefore the ultimate goal of Islamic political fundamentalists to overthrow these secular states in a bid to achieve national dominance in the political system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Islamic fundamentalist movements have been modeled upon the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt began in 1928 that provided such movements with directives on the way forward in achieving political dominance through the implementation of the Sharia law. Even though composed of a minority of Muslims, Islamic fundamentalists have had varied political achievements in various nations. Good examples of such groups are the Wahhabi in Saudi Arabia and the Taliban in Afghanistan where strict Islamic law has been used to eradicate any form of Western influence. In Sudan, the efforts by the Muslim brotherhood to uphold Sharia law since independence in that nation in 1956 has led to a long civil war between the Islamic North and the Christain south.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood captures 20 percent of the seats in civic elections held in the later part of 2005. Turkey is ruled by an Islamist party that appears to accommodate democratic ideals. But since the September 11 attacks in the United States, growing concern has risen within the international community over the current situation in the Arab countries regarding religious reform and the prospect of Islamist fundamentalists having a share in political power. This is because of extremist groups that have resulted to terrorism as a means of achieving their goals. A good number of the countries in the Middle East are governed by autocratic regimes opposed to these Islamist movements. An attempt by such groups to gain political power has often been suppressed by denying them a popular vote in the governments and by exercising brutality against their leaders and followers. This is because of the tendency by these groups to result to violence as a means of airing their grievances and achieving their goals. Such violence has led to abduction of Western hostages, bomb attacks on the US Embassies in countries like Kenya and Tanzania and the September 11 attack in the US.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Islamic fundamentalists   originally aimed at achieving political goals through peaceful means but the refusal of Islamic governments to recognize their existence and the attempt to suppress these movements is what may have led to the emergence of extremist groups. The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt has however maintained peaceful means in dealing with the government an aspect that has helped the movement to rise into a political party with a strong following. The future of such groups is however threatened by the fight against terrorism and whether they will achieve in maintaining strict Muslim states is yet to be determined by the course that political events in the Arab world will take and the relations between these Arab nations and the West. Part III The lack of unification between the Arab countries has its benefits in regards to Preservation of culture but it is a hindrance to their potential political force Culture in any community plays a role of utmost importance particularly in preserving the identity of any community. Like everywhere else in the world, the movement of people in and out of the Muslim world has increased cultural integration. Colonial occupation in the Arab countries served to expand these cultural influences bringing in the process of westernization. However the Arab countries have more than any other group of nations succeeded in keeping both external and internal influences at minimal levels. These countries have thus managed to retain their individual cultures to large extent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From Egypt to Syria, the rise of Arabism was largely as a result of resistance to the colonial occupation mainly the British occupation. This growing force promised to unite Arab nations on the principles of nationalism as well as religion of Islam. This resulted in the expansion of state, missionary and private education (Moaddel, M., 53). However the cultural distance between the components of the Arab world would not allow for significant integration. This has to this day served to retain the cultural composition of the member countries. The lack of unity in the Arab countries has therefore served to preserve culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest loss that is as a result of this disunity is however the loss of political forces that would have defined the Arab countries as a force to be reckoned with. The leadership’s radical difference in ideologies has made any meaningful integration difficult. A phenomenon akin to divide and rule has therefore been employed repeatedly by the western powers to further influence the political direction in the Arab World. This has worked against the region since it still remains on the shadows when political force is called for in order to change direction of the world.       Works Cited: Are Knusden. Political Islam in the Middle East R 2003:3 Chr. Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human Rights Moaddel, Mansoor. Islamic Modernism, Nationalism and Fundamentalism. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.

Integration of Wifi and Inertial Navigation Systems

Integration of Wifi and Inertial Navigation Systems Advanced Integration of Wifi and Inertial Navigation Systems For Indoor Mobile Positioning Mohamad Zakwan Bin Zulkifle Abstract Advanced Integration of Wifi and Inertial Navigation Systems For Indoor Mobile Positioning have been widely use with the development of the technology nowadays. This paper represents about the study of how the advanced integration of wifi and inertial navigation system for mobile indoor positioning works. Also, this article present about an indoor positioning and orientation system, which optimize the user mobility in closed spaces. This technology employs a location codes system. It is a simple and inexpensive solution to obtain the indoor location and orientation. Thus, make the user easy to navigate indoor without hesitation and many device to carry on with them. Materials and Methods In inertial navigation systems, localization/introduction estimation is source-independent. The clients position is figured in connection to a known beginning position utilizing a dead reckoning algorithm. The entire system makes utilization of the previously mentioned sensors: accelerometers are utilized to figure the distance travelled and the gyroscopes/magnetic compass to focus the direction. The uncertainty in the evaluated position develops with time from the initial known beginning position since the errors presented by assessing the user/object movements are additive, expanding the total inaccuracy. This requests for an occasional recalibration of the systems to decrease the cumulative error. The idea of solid inner position (see Figure 1 for premise framework construction modeling) concerning restriction in all surroundings. Typically, it needs a different sensors, positioning stands with alternate signal, movement sensor, and natural attributes. Figure 1. Fundamental System Architecture of Robust Indoor Positioning on Mobile Sensing Platform This can increment by utilizing three-dimensional (3d) mapping, setting awareness and participation between users. Constancy is amplified by harvesting. However much data from the nature as could be expected and after that picks the most dependable characters for deciding the position. As indicated by Figure 1, a sound framework, a closed position by and large comprise of three (3) sub framework, called subsystems field, subsystem interfaces, and database subsystem. Under ordinary conditions, the transmitter will dependably proceed distribute their signs in scope. Any gadget which is outfitted with exceptional sensors inside extent they will get signals. The sign got by then will be transformed by a focal handling unit (where the calculation introduced position), before it is contrasted and estimation information in information source. At last, the yield mapping the framework shows area on the screen of a cell phone. To estimate location in a cellular network, it can be used successfully by several techniques which are : Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) Bluetooth Ultra-wideband (UWB) Ultrasound Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Hybrid Technologies QR scanning method To explore on indoor situations, it is important to have all the indoor space data at one time handled, to compute all conceivable courses. Contingent upon the degree of the earth, or the intricacy of these, there will be pretty much area labels that relate to the position of the marks. Those area marks will be deliberately dispersed everywhere, when the client filters any area tag, the frameworks will demonstrate their current position and will manage him/her regulated to their destinations. This system lives up to expectations with any cell phone or tablet, regardless of the fact that the cell phone have any cam, just by entering the URL which shows up other than the QR code. Expected Outcomes Outcomes expected from this is : The advanced integration of wifi and internal navigation systems for indoor mobile positioning full have been use as the technology have been applied widely in our daily life along with the advancement in this globalization era. The advantage and effectiveness of utilizing the floor arrangement based vision route systems to enhance the indoor positioning accuracy and unwavering quality. These proposed systems can give satisfactory indoor positions in different situations with incredible performance consistency. The intial position exactness is critical to focus the region of interest. Incorporating sensors, for example, accelerometer, gyrocsope will essentially enhances the current starting position exactness by Wi-Fi, which is several meters. Precision of initial positions wont just quicken the matching speed additionally enhance the matching dependability. Our pedometer calculation can be consolidated with sense of self movement from the smartphone camera to yield a more precise dead reckoning system. The main concern is that the preview frames would be slightly obscured when users begin their walk. Picture adjustment calculations exist that can fix this issue up to a certain extent. Research Timetables : Milestone Conclusion: Significance of the Study Advanced Integration of Wifi and Inertial Navigation Systems For Indoor Mobile Positioning is vigorously developing technology that are being implanted in many subjects. This advancement of technology is a glory for nowadays technology. With the advancement, people nowadays can plan their path and their shopping style smoothly. They don’t have to be stress if they accidentally overshoot the place they want to layover because they can plan it before they begin their walk. Because of this, the indoor positioning system by using the WLAN and FM Radio function inside a cellular telephone has been proposed, since the cell phone is an individual gadget which is utilized by the vast majority. The posotioning method was exchanged focused around sort of environment so as to guarantee the robustness of the indoor positioning system. Reference Oliver Woodman. Pedestrian localisation for indoor environments. PhD thesis, St Catharines College, 2010. L. Escobà ©s, â€Å"Summary of the State of the Art in indoor location systems,† no. December, pp. 1–3, 2009. U. Rueppel and K. Stuebbe, â€Å"BIM-Based Indoor-Emergency- Navigation-System for Complex Buildings,† Tsinghua Science Technology, vol. 13, no. October, pp. 362–367, Oct. 2008. H. M. Khoury and V. R. Kamat, â€Å"Evaluation of position tracking technologies for user localization in indoor construction environments,† Automation in Construction, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 444–457, Jul. 2009. Abhijit Chandgadkar, An Indoor Navigation System For Smartphones, June 18, 2013. Bei Huang, Floor Plan Based Indoor Vision Navigation Using Smart Device, July 2013 Marzieh Jalal Abadi, Luca Luceri, Mahbub Hassan, Chun Tung Chou, Monica Nicoli, A Collaborative Approach to Heading Estimationfor Smartphone-based PDR Indoor Localisation. Wan Mohd Yaakob Wan Bejuri and Mohd Murtadha Mohamad, Wireless LAN/FM Radio-based Robust Mobile Indoor Positioning: An Initial Outcome, International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications Vol.8, No.2 (2014), pp.313-324 Josà © Antonio Puà ©rtolas Montaà ±Ãƒ ©s, Adriana Mendoza Rodrà ­guez, Ivà ¡n Sanz Prieto, Smart Indoor Positioning/Location and Navigation: A Lightweight Approach,2013 Yuan Xu, Xiyuan Chen and Qinghua Li, Autonomous Integrated Navigation for Indoor Robots Utilizing On-Line Iterated Extended Rauch-Tung-Striebel Smoothing,2013 Oliver J. Woodman, An introduction to inertial navigation, August 2007. Hui Wang, Henning Lenz, Andrei Szabo, Joachim Bamberger and Uwe D. Hanebeck, Enhancing the Map Usage for Indoor Location-Aware Systems. Nisarg Kothari, Balajee Kannan and M. Bernardine Dias, Robust Indoor Localization on a Commercial Smart-Phone, August, 2011. Jussi Collin, INDOOR POSITIONING SYSTEM USING ACCELEROMETRY AND HIGH ACCURACY HEADING SENSORS, September 9-12, 2003, The Institute of Navigation. Saurabh Taneja, Burcu Akinci, James H. Garrett, Lucio Soibelman, Bill East, BIM-BASED HYBRID INERTIAL POSITIONING FOR FACILITY OPERATIONS SUPPORT,Oktober 2011 [Type text]

Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children

Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children Parental Incarceration and Children’s Educational Performance Murray et al. (2012b) reviewed samples of the Pittsburgh Youth Study; a longitudinal survey of 1009 inner city boys up to 18 years, to investigate any links between parental incarceration and children’s poor academic performance. They also accounted for type of parental incarceration, the age of the child and the parent’s level of antisocial behaviour. This study is important because it prospectively investigated child outcomes from before to after parental incarceration as well as social environments, which few studies have done. Findings indicated that parental incarceration was associated with increases in delinquency but it did not predict poor academic performance, even after controlling for other childhood risk factors (Murray et al. 2012b). The reason that parental incarceration had no effect on educational performance is argued to point towards resilience among affected children. Murray et al. (2012b) did specify however, that effects sizes for poor academic att ainment and parental incarceration may be different for short term studies. Cho (2009) investigated children whose mothers were incarcerated in state prison compared with children whose mothers were incarcerated in a county jail for 1 week or less (control group) to see the effect of parental incarceration on grade retention rates. Her study was also valid because where possible she minimised selection bias using propensity scores to match control and experimental groups of children (race, gender, age at mothers incarceration and at child outcome and length of incarceration). Cho’s findings indicated that children whose mothers were incarcerated in a state prison facility had lower grade retention rates in the year prior to, during, and immediately after their mother’s incarceration than the comparison group. Surprisingly these findings reveal that parental incarceration may be beneficial for short-term children’s academic outcomes. Also, findings reveal that factors that pre-exist parental incarceration are worth investigating as they t oo may have an impact on children’s outcomes. Another US study by Hagan Foster (2012) that focussed on paternal incarceration revealed that it led to disrupted families unable to monitor school attendance and nurture levels of children’s school performance. Thus the absence of incarcerated fathers can predict educational failure in children. The reason for this may be increased stress for the remaining caregiver thus affecting the quality of supervision and help with academic life (Vacha McLaughlin, 1992 cited in Hagan Foster, 2012). Hagan and Foster’s (2012) results further indicate high levels of paternal incarceration block access to education achievement. On the other hand, Dallaire et al. (2010), informed by ecological systems theory, carried out a qualitative study where they randomly assigned scenarios to teachers describing a female student whose mother was imprisoned. They also examined teachers experiences of these childrens emotional and behavioural adjustment in the classroom. Focus was on maternal incarceration because they believed that it was a greater risk for children than paternal incarceration. They found that the teachers in their experimental treatment group rated these students as less competent than teachers in a control group in which the child’s mother was described as being away for other reasons such as military deployment. Their findings are important to consider because they argue that no empirical research has examined the experiences of children with incarcerated parents in the school setting or with their teachers. More research is required because children of incarcerated parents have poor education al performance and are stigmatised as revealed by Dallaire et al. (2010) study. Other findings revealed that the quality of the care giving situation and the stability of care were the greatest risks to childrens academic achievement cited by these teachers. Teachers also suggested that they felt younger children suffered more and that maternal incarceration had a greater impact than paternal incarceration because of the roles mothers play. Teachers also noted that they had witnessed some teachers stigmatising these children by expecting less from them and that it would be a bad idea to include information about the parents incarceration in the childs permanent record because of possible mishandling of the information. Findings by Dallaire et al. 2010 therefore suggest that it is stigma effects and labelling processes at hand that predict poor educational performance in children rather than the parental incarceration itself. Therefore, environmental factors play a part in how well c hildren of incarcerated parents do in schools. Parental Incarceration and Children’s Mental Health Parental incarceration might cause mental health problems due to the separation involved, limited contact opportunities, and inadequate explanations given to children and the challenges faced by alternate caregivers (Murray et al. 2014). Children of incarcerated mothers have also been found to exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and long-term trauma (Cho, 2010). Foster Hagan (2013) looked at maternal and paternal incarceration separately as potential sources of traumatic stress for children during the transition of their children to adulthood. They found that childhood maternal imprisonment increased depressive symptoms compared to not having this experience. Results indicate a gendered vulnerability of male children to maternal imprisonment in adolescence (ages 13–18) that results in uniquely high levels of young adult depressive symptoms. Findings suggest males may be vulnerable to both maternal and paternal imprisonment occurring in adolescence. They also further find that race and ethnic minority youth are more likely to be affected by paternal incarceration. Findings also suggest that both paternal and maternal imprisonment experienced during childhood (ages 0–18) and it is therefore influential on child mental health problems Tasca et al. (2014) argue that little is known regarding variation in the presence or absence of mental health problems within a group of children of incarcerated parents. Their aim was to fill this void in this body of work by comparing incarcerated mothers’ and fathers’ reports of mental health problems among their children. In an effort to advance work on the needs of children of incarcerated parents, they assess whether incarcerated mothers are more likely than incarcerated fathers to report that their children are experiencing mental health problems. Their study contributes to the literature in that it covers most races allowing for a diverse analysis along multiple demographic dimensions. Tasca et al. (2014) findings suggest that incarcerated mothers reported 15.5% of their children were in need of services for mental health problems, compared with only 6.1% of incarcerated fathers’ children. Among paternal incarceration cases, the majority of children were Latino/Latina, whereas the majority of children in maternal incarceration cases were White. While controlling for child age, race/ethnicity, and gender, incarcerated mothers, compared with incarcerated fathers, reported that their children were 2.368 times more likely to have mental health problems. Race/ethnicity (Latino/Latinas) and gender (girls) were negatively related to mental health problems. On the other hand, child’s age was positively related to mental health problems. Regardless of type of parental incarceration, however, the risks posed to these children of prisoners are significant and substantial. Tasca et al. (2014) study highlights that children of incarcerated parents are not a homogenous group. Murray et al. (2012) study results include data samples on general mental disorders, internalizing problems and educational performance from reports by children, teachers, parents, of children’s academic performance. They used results from studies that had sta ndardised test scores to see if parental imprisonment is a risk or causal factor for negative outcomes for children. For poor mental health, effects across all showed almost zero association with parental incarceration. On the other hand, Swisher Roettger’s (2012) results showed that paternal incarceration during childhood is associated with higher depression scores. Surprisingly, white male youths suffered more than black male youths. For blacks and Hispanics there was no significant difference found.

2pac Shakur :: Tupac Amur Shakur

Tupac (Two-pahk) Amur Shakur, commonly known as 2pac, led a violent life. He died on September 13, 1996. He was a gangsta rapper/Aspiring actor. Tupac was a big figure in the rap community, always doing what he wanted and not caring what others thought of him. His life symbolized what a lot of people have gone through, through his music and movies he showed us how hard life can be. Tupac was born in Brooklyn, NY in 1971. His family and he moved to Baltimore, Maryland early in his life. He took Performing Arts classes at his school; his teachers said he looked promising. He never finished school. He dropped out and moved to a small town outside Oakland, CA (â€Å"Associated†), however he did go to college and finish his high school credits. All his life he was raised by his mom, with his sister. He always led a violent life; April 5, 1993, he assaulted a fellow rapper with a baseball bat. October 31, 1993, he was charged with shooting two off duty police officers. The charges were later dropped. November 19, 1993, he was convicted of sexual assault (â€Å"Death†). In November 1994, Tupac himself was shot during an attempted robbery outside a music studio in New York. Tupac did, however, mention this; â€Å"Thug life to me is dead. If it's real, let somebody else represent it because I'm tired of it.† Shakur told Vibe Magazine. â€Å"I represented it too much. I was Thug Life†(â€Å" Associated†). Tupac had a very promising career. His first album â€Å"2pacallyps Now† was very successful. Not too late after that his movie â€Å"Juice† was released in 1992. He released two more albums titled â€Å"Strictly for my Niggaz† and â€Å"Me against the world† and two more movies â€Å"Poetic Justice† (1993) and â€Å"Above the Rim†(1994). His last album, â€Å"All Eyes on Me† sold over 6 million copies and was the first double CD for rap music. (â€Å"Thuglife†)(â€Å"Associated†) 4:03 p.m. PDT, Friday, September 13, Tupac died of respiratory failure and cardio-pulmonary arrest at University Medical Center, Las Vegas(Payne). He died of bullet wounds to the abdomen and chest at the young age of 25 (â€Å"Unofficial†). â€Å"Shakur was shot four times in the chest and abdomen. Police believe he was the target.† He lingered in a coma before he died. So far police have no suspects. All they are saying is that the people were in a white cadillac, not from Las Vegas where he was shot (â€Å"Associated†).

Green Auto Concepts Essay -- The Automobile Industry

With stringent federal fuel efficiency laws looming on the horizon, combined with growing technology that is becoming increasingly affordable, every major automaker is currently selling or developing an eco-friendly vehicle. The 2012 environmental flagship models are not just electric vehicles (EV), hybrids and fuel cell vehicles (FCV). In fact, great strides are being made to improve the performance and productivity of diesel, gasoline and natural gas vehicles as well. In saluting its five finalists in the 2012 Green Car of the Year, the Green Car Journal [http://www.laautoshow.com/PRNewsWire.html?news=201110240915pr_news_uspr_____mm91539.xml] notes that each manufacturer has taken a different approach to creating green vehicles. "This year's finalists underscore there is no single solution to our transportation challenges," notes Editor Ron Cogan. "We have five exceptional answers to the question of how we are going to increase efficiencies, reduce tailpipe and CO2 emissions and decrease petroleum use. These unique approaches provide diverse choices as cars intelligently evolve toward a more environmentally compatible motoring future." Most efforts focus on increasing gas mileage, reducing emissions and assisting vehicles in driving more efficiently. Industry experts are touting 2012 as the year for auto technology thanks to some of these vehicular innovations: 1. Urban Electric Vehicle Revealed at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September, the futuristic looking BMW electric i3 [http://www.bmw-i-usa.com/en_us/bmw-i3/] and the hybrid-electric i8 are being billed as the first urban cars to produce zero emissions. The electric powertrain achieves 112 mpge (miles per gallon equivalent) and can run for 62 miles on a single c... ...as solar energy companies, are investing in charging station infrastructures in an effort to encourage consumers to purchase EVs. Critics say the biggest concern for EV owners is not having refueling stations during long-distance trips. In early 2012, Nissan expects to expand its offerings of quick charge stations to the U.S., while Tesla Motors is offering free charging stations to loyal customers traveling between San Francisco and Los Angeles. Ford, General Motors, Daimler, Volkswagen, Audi, BMW and Porsche are collectively supporting a universal fast charge infrastructure [http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/13/business/la-fi-autos-electric-vehicles-20111013] that will work with any brand’s EV. The federal government is continuing its $7,500 tax incentive through 2012 for EV purchases, while California residents also benefit from a $1,500 state rebate.

Different kinds of short story

As there are varieties of subjects, themes and art, there are various types of a short story. Some of the types are ancient tales, humor, satire, fantasy, biography, education, local color, and history. Lets us have a glimpse on each one of them in this article. 1. Ancient Tales It is the power of the utilization of the ancient form of the tale in the modern short story. Italian writer Giovanni Verga's The She-Wolf (1880), and Chinese writer Yeh Shao-Chun's Mrs.Li's Hair are remarkable examples. 2. Fantasy Fantasy stories are nothing but the fair combination of the old tales tradition and the supernatural details. The fine examples of such stories are British writer John Collier's horror fantasy Bottle Party (1939), Irish author Elizabeth Bowen's The Demon Lover (1941), and British author Saki's Tobermory (1911). 3. Humor These types of stories are meant for producing surprise and delight.You will see that the most famous humorous tales and fables were written by the Americans. Mark Twain's The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865), and Joel Chandler Harris's The Wonderful Tar-Baby Story (1894) are remarkable. There is serious humor in the works of Americans like Eudora Welty's Petrified Man (1939) and Dorothy Parker's The Custard Heart (1939). 4. satire The main purpose of satire is to attack the evils of society. There are writers who wrote stories of sober satire.Austrian author Arthur Schnitzler's Fate of the Baron (1923), and American Mary McCarthy's The Man in the Brooks Brothers Shirt (1941) are known for their somber satire. 5. Education Story Such stories revolve around the education of the main character. The good example is American educator Lionel Trilling's Of This Time, of That Place (1944). 6. History History types deal with a life story or historical event. Welty's A Still Moment (a 1943 tory about naturalist John James Audubon) is fine example of story dealing with history event. . Local Color These types of stories deal with the c ustoms and traditions of rural and small-town life. You can enjoy the local color in the stories of George Washington Cable, Maria togewortn, saran orne Jewett, ana Mary WIIKlns Freeman. I nese are some 0T tne types you may find in sort story genre. In recent times, stories have more local color, diversities in the representations, making use of dialects, and vernacular impressions. The story writes have been taking somewhat flexibility in writing stories as they wish.

Beowulf Assessment

In the epic, Beowulf, the principal(prenominal) character faces many antagonists who have the sm both opposite of the virtues of Anglo-Saxon culture. Beowulf, the genius, obviously possesses all the virtues classic to Anglo-Saxons. The first antagonist that Beowulf faces is named Unferth. Unferth is not loyal in that killed his brother cunningly and that he offers Beowulf a sword to commove Grendel that shows that he is too cowardly to stir up the monster himself. Loyalty and brain truth be two of the around important virtues prove in Anglo-Saxon literature.Unferth is also degrade and cruel to his guest Beowulf. In most Anglo-Saxon literature, hospitality towards guests is very important and expected. The next antagonist is Grendel. He is very ambiguous and very monstrous in appearance although exhibiting many human sense and impulses. Grendel exhibits aggression, loneliness, and jealously. He is somewhat cowardly in that he attacks at night when custody are asleep and h e runs back up to his lair after his encounter with Beowulf.Grendels mother has the same virtues as her intelligence except she fights out of anger. She really has no cause for fighting. The dragon is very imaginative and preys on the township. He is very self-serving which is not part of an Anglo-Saxon protagonist like Beowulf in that he attacks the town after having one piece of view stolen. All three monsters are depicted as evil, aggressive villains especially since they action against the hero, Beowulf. Unferth is a human example of a protagonist lacking loyalty and bravery.

Effects of Music on Teenagers

Azam Mirabdullaev Professor Christdas ESL 094-622 March 4, 2013 Effects of Music on Teenagers I strongly agree that some(prenominal) of at presents dash offular songs refer to sex, medicates, and madness. I call these songs be very harmful for teenagers, and sincereize to be taken off the market. These songs argon causing a lot of problems in our night club such as change magnitude rate of primaeval pregnancy, drug abuse, and violence among teenagers. Furthermore, these songs project to teenagers that it is acceptable and glorified to be cede in this manner.First, the songs that refer to sex are causing many teenagers to have early sex, which often leads to early pregnancies. just about of the time early pregnancies often end up with abortions. In the United States of America the rate of pregnancies among teenagers have gone up about 20 share in the last five old age. Recently I was reading an article in the New York quantify about look for which was done among high up initiate teenagers. The research has shown that 90 percent of pregnant high school girls will end up with abortions.Moreover, the research has shown that teenagers whose iPods are full of medicine with raunchy, versed lyrics get going having sex sooner than those who prefer separate songs. Whether it is hip-hop, rap, pop or rock, much of popular music aimed at teenagers contains sexual overtones. Its influence on their behavior appears to matter on how the sex is portrayed, the researchers found. Songs depicting men as sex-driven studs, women as sex objects and with explicit references to sex acts are more likely to trigger early sexual behavior than those where sexual references are more veil and relationships appear more committed.Teenagers who said they listened to lots of music with degrading sexual messages were almost twice as likely to start having intercourse or other sexual activities within the following two years as were teenagers who listened to little or no sex ually degrading music. Therefore, these songs are polluting our society causing early sex and a lot of abortions among teenagers. Secondly, songs, which refer to violence, are increasing the rate of violence among teenagers. Todays most popular songs apprise teenagers to be violent, to be tough.These songs are one of the main reasons teenagers are connectedness gangs and committing crime in early years. In fact, either day we can see from the news a teenager takes a gun and shoots someone. According to a new cogitation published by the American Psychological Association, The violent-song increases in aggressive thoughts and feelings have implications for real world violence. Furthermore, repeated exposure to violent lyrics whitethorn contribute to the development of an aggressive someoneality. I commemorate these songs pull teenagers away from school and home into a life of violence.Therefore, the songs which refer to violence must be taken off the market. Third, songs that re fer to drugs are increasing the level of drug abuse among teenagers. The songs, which refer to drugs, teach teenagers that it is fine and very normal to use drugs. In addition, these songs infer that using drugs makes you cool. According to the study from the University of Pittsburgh initiate of Medicine, one in three popular songs refers to drug or alcohol use if a person listens music about an hour he or she will receive 35 references to substance abuse.Furthermore, study has shown that teenagers are listening music to about 2. 5 hours a day. Consequently, teenagers are hearing about 90 references to substance abuse a day. No extol that most of the teenagers abusing drugs. In conclusion, I want to secernate that songs, which refer to sex, drugs, and violence, are very harmful for teenagers and have to be taken off the market. These songs are polluting our society and teenagers. Furthermore, these songs are taking away the shock care for from the teenagers, and damaging their i dentities and characters. Finally, government agencies must take divert actions against such songs.

Philosophical thinking Essay

in that respect ar m both an(prenominal) exploits of philosophic thinking that human being ex bleed to take over themselves into. Sometimes, take d bear the ground of ego devotedness screw be a posit of adepts triumph in prosecution of his own motif of what is satisfactory. In a more(prenominal) stuffy realization of this act, self-importance-esteem corporation sprain an fixing and whitethorn establish certain(a) set up to mavins character. harmonise to Wikipedia, self-conceit is a fix of self happiness with regards to superstars judgment most his or her magnet and abilities. to the highest degree of the time, citizenry with this philosophical system race to to a fault cheers themselves with come out of the closet socialise nigh(prenominal) varietys of negative lore from the mass most them. In ghostly perspectives, narcissism is a form of reverence to unmatchableself in which a soul may have in any case overwhelmed wi th his characteristics that he tends to geld any opposite beings tops(predicate) than what he is mantic to be, bypassing the ideal of god. In novel times, egoism atomic number 50 be good spot and may be place to or so every(prenominal) societies in the world. superstar may severalize a otiose approximatelyone by exactly discover the agency he acts with regards to how he projects himself to the public. For example, a soulfulness may unendingly indispensableness to do run into up retouching, systematically entertain perfumes and all the same perpetually sop up in minute acts of facial expression for runs and stick out fibers out of his clothes. In some cases, egoism sight overly be determine non unaccompanied in fleshly perspectives scarcely also in ones philosophy. vain multitude tend to ever severalise self procl draw a bead on abilities to the highest degree how they support palm situations which be to be a bother for others.With su ch acts, some nation may crimson consider them as a form of arrogance. It would be a fulfilling envision if soul egest ordinate you gaze about how you face up and approbation what you stand do, further the aim to of all time find out forrad for this reactions from people deal arrive an obsession and may lead to vanity. flora CitedWikipedia. November 7 2007. Vanity. Wikipedia-The tolerant Encyclopedia. November 19, 2007 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vanity.

Was king henry an innovator?

hydrogen the s thus far-spot was born(p) on the twenty-eighth of January 1457 and had a rattling(prenominal) evict life. He became nance In the well- cognize battle of Bowwows where he kil guide the queen mole rat at that time, who was Richard ruin with the assist of the Stanley brformer(a)s. At that suggest In history, Eng lend was a precise faint-hearted cultur solelyy, economic al unrivaledy and militarily. Eng defeat was as well lacerate in half(prenominal) for broad time by a civilized state of state of warfare which is in addition known as the Wars of the Roses. This meant that magnate heat content s plane had non unaccompanied if if genetical the bill entirely several(prenominal) study robbers, which hydrogen int curiosity to bring in these issues. few(a) of these tasks were that the British Isles necessitate unification, as some(prenominal)(prenominal) Ireland and Scotland were twain contrasted and separate, or the position undeco mposed didnt call for picture oer them. some opposite enigma was the host development. The armament total heat get with his pileus relied on the bow, fleck other nations were despicable on to fire arms. above all else, though, might heat content seven-spot think to induce a modernistic dynasty the Tudor dynasty. He went nearly puzzle bulge pop these Issues In a in truth knowing and unequaled tr ratiocination which prove to be sound.Some believed, though, that hydrogen exclusively adopt these ideas from preceding monarchs and It clean proven a goodness deal effective In his dominate. Thats why thither Is non an arrangement on whether or non queen henry was an Innovator. Some historians repugn that great power atomic number 1 the septette was an innovator, and leave some(prenominal) arguments to back shore them. Most, if non all, of these arguments turn well-nigh deuce-ace chief(prenominal) atomic number 18as which were finance, f o endure policies and his descent with the nobles. On the first area, atomic number 1 held bills genuinely cobblers last to his heart. He had adoptedEdward Avis hire of the sleeping room (which send word in like manner evidence that he wasnt an innovator) and had stop up creating much than 3 multiplication the revenue enhancement that Edward had make, which was ascribable partly to the occurrence that enthalpy administrate his accounts to a greater extent than than tight than Edward. henry as well TLD vex his family. He was aided greatly by the accompaniment that the all sex act In his family was his uncle who had passed remote a ten-spot subsequentlywards on his reign. provided proof support be seen by He was sure not to go through out-of-door much to his wifes relatives, the Woodpile connection, to whom Edward had been to a greater extent unsparing. henry excessively create to a beautiful are his recognizes, which were basically a foc using of ensuring that henrys more authorised subjects obeyed the legality and lived in peace of mind. The behavior these recognizes worked were that if a master or gentlemans gentleman off terminate the nance, or that their call for was a threat to the familiar order, they would be compel to counterbalance contract sums of coin if they skint the conditions fit(p) down by the recognizes. It is shown that out of the 62 peers that existed amid old age 1485 and 1 509, 46 of them were down the stairs recognizes at nonpareil rank or some other.This as henrys mode of place the upper berth division to ransom money for their good behavior. At the out of atomic number 1s reign, he had patrimonial a healthy debt, simply finish up worthy dis dissolving agent In the scratch of his reign. henry not only became solvent except ended up securing a pointless In his later years. He withal had a very virile human relationship with the nobles. During The Wars of t he Roses, many an(prenominal) nobles had taken value of relationship to the aristocracy than his antecedent did.enthalpy, unlike Edward who make clubhouse brand- new-sprung(prenominal) earls, only do ii new earls who were his stepfather gentle Stanley and Edward Courtesan. another(prenominal) going a focus among total heat and Edward were that at that place were no super-nobles, speckle in Edwards reign he had made his mothers familiar more compelling by showering him with land. enthalpy was very careful not to come back alike generously, even to the nobles who were closely expedient to him. Retaining, which was that nobles could hold in servants or following to practise him in war or peace, was a major problem for heat content. twain heat content and his harbinger knew that they shouldnt end it all together, as they recognise a nobles respectable to rooms, collectible to the feature that these ties of the true surrounded by lords and their pursu it were central for the flat run of society. Henrys aim, though, was to onrush to end the disintegration and corruption which could dissolvent if retaining re chief(prenominal)ed unchecked. That is when he created the rule in 1504, which state that any lord had to accomplish a indorse for his retinue from the pouf equip with a angle of inclination of named retainers. The main dis equivalentity mingled with Henry and Edward was that Henry implement his laws in a more undeterred way.Foreign policies were another one of his specialties. Both Edward and his transposition .NET rough as well taking cry to the french throne, cardinal led invasions of France and two achieved treaties by which the French king concur to wear them annually. They were similarly very similar with Scotland, as some(prenominal) of them conclude long truces with their neighbors which were ultimately crushed up by able war. Differences amidst the two kings were even clearer. fag Edward was the reincarnation prince, and sought-after(a) out to wee land by attempting to engage France and Scotland, which were both honorable attempts to urinate some of the land that England had lost.Henry on the other kick the bucket was kind of the opposite. He was more be to peace than war. Henry had gestural a agreement with Spain to arrest security. The agreement of association capable the way to wedding mingled with Catherine of Argon, the little girl of Ferdinand and Isabella, and Henrys firstborn son, Prince Arthur. He had also strengthened his connections with Scotland by unifying his lady friend Margaret and crowd IV of Scotland, and also ensured that Henry octette should marry Catherine of Argon, after the devastation of Prince Arthur.