A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings

Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† â€Å"When Pelayo and Elisend first find the fallen man, they regard him as human, he is â€Å"dressed like a ragpicker†Ã¢â‚¬  (McFarland). Gabriel Garcia Marquez short story â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† is a fabulous story about an angel in â€Å"pitiful condition of a drenched great-grandfather† with â€Å"Huge buzzard wings† (Marquez 294). Marquez uses magical realism to express the literary elements of the old man, in third person point of view, and with several interpretations.In the short story, Marquez shows two major elements of magic realism. The two elements were the old man and, the girl who has been turned into a spider. The people in the story treat the old man as an oddity. He was not treated like an angel instead he was treated more like a freak of nature. The old man appears to be nothing more than a frail human with wings, and so his status as an angel is endlessly debated. â€Å"What surprised him the most, however, was the logic of his wings.They seemed so natural on that completely human organism that he couldn’t understand why other men didn’t have them too† (Marquez 298). Father Gonzaga thinks that he cannot be an angel because he lacks dignity and splendor. â€Å"Father Gonzaga went into the chicken coop and said good morning to him in Latin. The parish priest had his first suspicion of an imposter when he saw that he did not understand the language of god† (Marquez 295). Of course this begs the question of whether the angel lacks dignity, or whether he just lacks dignity because of the way he is treated, being imprisoned in a chicken coop.Perhaps it is the people who lack dignity, not the old man. The old man's other supernatural characteristic is his incredible patience in the face of his treatment which does not make much of an impression on the majority of the people, who are happy to exploit him until bored with him. The magic realism for Spider-Girl is a clear contrast with the Old Man; whereas, he is difficult to interpret because he is not trying to please the crowd. The Spider-Girl delights the people with the clarity of her story. while still practically a child she had sneaked out of her parents’ house to go to a dance, and while she was coming back through the woodsafter having danced all night without permission, a fearful thunderclap rent through the sky in two and through the crack came the lightning bolt of brimstone that changed her into a spider† (Marquez 297). â€Å"When a new spectacle arrives, the woman who has been changed into a spider for disobeying her parents, the community shifts their attention to her. A typical carnival hoax or sideshow â€Å"freak†Ã¢â‚¬  (McFarland).Unlike the Angel, the people do not debate her status as a spider; it is taken for granted. The story is written in third person point of view, in the eyes in Pela yo, in order to show the isolation of the old man is feeling. As the story begins and as Pelayo finds the old man, he does not understand who or what the old man is, until he hears the old man’s â€Å"sailor’s voice†. â€Å"This explanation is merely arbitrary, however, because basic logic rejects the interpretation and makes Pelayo’s explanation merely humorous† (Slomski).The story makes it difficult to understand how the old man is feeling due to the point of view it is written. If the story is switched to the point of view of the old man, it would be easier to understand the feelings and alienation the old man is being faced. â€Å"They would drive him out of the bedroom with a broom and a moment later finds him in the kitchen† (Marquez 298). This quote displays the alienation the old man felt through Pelayo’s eyes. â€Å"The second interpretation is made by a neighbor woman who is thought to know â€Å"everything about life and death. The humor of her interpretation arises in the certainty with which she pronounces that the  old  man  is an angel† (Slomski). Marquez use of magical realism and literary elements, in a third person point of view, proved many interpretations. â€Å"Thus, the Magical Realism of Garcia Marquez’s style — a blurring of the division between the real and the fantastic — is used to underscore the notion (indeed, the seeming contradiction) that the irrational is a natural part of life† (Slomski). By analyzing, the literary elements of third person/omniscient point of view, imagery and characterization are what alienate the fabulous characters. A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings An old man with enormous wings is an interesting short story with elements of mysticism.   Gabriel Josà © Garcà ­a Mà ¡rque with the tool of his Magical realism unfurled the world of reality to incorporate the   myth and supernatural elements in his stories. Gabriel used this tool with great dexterity to spear into our senses our own predicaments toward the nature’s mystic world.This is the whole essence of An Old man with enormous wings. Here I will delve in this short story how with the lively characters of   an old man and woman and a mystic old man with wings, Gabriel brought our real life and our connection with the nature in close proximity.The magic realism has a characteristic of deep fantasy marked with flamboyance and intermittent mystery. It goes to the credit of Gabriel that he created fantasy and the real world in proximity with each other and seems to be   equal. The   whole village has people full of life as if the real characters have been simmered into the words, still the smell of mystesism can be felt when people realize the old man with wings is in possession of   magical powers. It is his mysterous nature which is a center of attraction.The story starts with an old man and woman when they were collecting and throwing crabs in the sea. Pelayo suddenly came across an old angel with dilapitated wings and called his wife Elisenda. At the first site of an angel, both were puzzled and the neighbor lady went to further extent to claim that this angel must have come to take away the child but as he is old, rain and thunderstorm thumped him into the ground. The old couple picked up an angel and put him in a chicken coop just like other chickens.The most intriguing aspect is of the story is when characters come to know that this is not a normal bird or animal or human being, he is a human but with wings and therefore he is not a man. Still Doctor after examining his wings remarks why humans do not have these wings? Here Gabreil presented him as so natural that it seems this winged creature is normal yet incredible and we are made to believe his imaginary sense of perception.The old man with wings, a vivid character is described with the help of sensory imagination, which poises in us the clear picture and makes it lively. Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez enables us not only to visualize the old man, but also feel his mystic parts and his whistling heart.The imagery makes us understand the supernatural stereotypic elements that we hold about angels and also makes us understand that old man with wings does not possess any of the heroic or exalted qualities but just like any other poor human being, is earthly, weak and poor. (Faulkner, 1999).   Even Father Gonzaga also said that there is nothing in him that can be compared to the beautiful and dignity of angles, thus though supernatural and mystic he is.Garcia Marquez increased the anxiousness of the readers on the question of angels as real but not fictitious and is n ot like what we have been visualizing. This old man with wings is not anywhere near to our conventional angels who are powerful, beautiful and immortal, or send by God. This angel is old and decrypt, powerless, totally left at the mercy of strangers, but as mentioned in the book he has magical qualities that rendered him a superior position. He is a bizarre mixture of holiness and the blasphemy.It appears as if he has come to make the old couple’s life comfortable and he did that. When he is kept in Chicken coop, slowly and slowly, son of old couple recovered, over and above Paloya and his wife’s earnings too improved when they started charging the fees from the villagers who so ever came to see this strange creature. Whole village is giving his or her own interpretation regarding the originality of this angel hiding the true nature of this old man.The story moves as if it is not a fable but only a conventional idea what the people stores and hold. Until the end of the story, uncertainty remains and we are not able to know the mystery of this winged creature – how it came and from where it came. This uncertainty implied not only to the winged creature but also to the life – the life in which we are living now and a life where the uncertainty prevails. Through these mystic creatures, writer tries to emphasize that anything can happen, as this whole world is full of mysteries.The descriptions of imaginary poetry also seems to be real, and complain of a villager of his problem of sleep because stars in the night disturbs him, also appears to be true, a simple medical problem ( Faulkner, 1999). And this impression of villagers, Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez's created by the use of narrative voice, in the voice of a third person, and is aware of all the facts and as such readers trust him. This is also true that narrator tries to endorse upon us the idea that nothing is impossible in this world, and nature has in store numerous complex beings, wh ich even our eyes cannot perceive.With the supernatural elements, Gabriel also used Irony as a tool to show the mirror of the other face of human beings- face, which human beings hide behind their virtuous proposition. On one hand, all villagers are showing sympathy to the little old creature but on the other hand all have their own selfish motives. Some one is coming to see the old creature to get cured and some one to make their wish fulfilled. Neighbor wanted creature to be smashed to death.Pelayo and Elisenda, who had put the tiny being in a chicken coop, used it for their own materialistic gains. The people made mockery of this winged creature as any other animal of the circus. Pelayo and Elisenda did not show any sympathy towards the poor creature. This is apparently true in this â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† that human nature is unspiritual yet boasts of spirituality.â€Å"An Old Man with Enormous Wings† contains a brief yet elegant presentation of h uman nature as thoughtless, predatory, and unspiritual humanity. Garcia Marquez by mentioning about several flaws in human nature put forward several ways in which man can turn towards divinity. The selfishness is also visible in the story where Carnival brought a girl changed into spider, as she did not obey her parents.The cruelty lies in the human’s inclination towards spicy news and furor which girl generates by not being virtuous or disobeying parents. Her story projects a true and clear meaning of our daily life: to obey your parents and not to go out dancing whole night. By the arrival of the spider girl, every one’s attention is now diverted from that old angel. The story comes to an end when after so many years of captivity angel again got back his wings and flew off.Several questions remained unanswered in the story. We never come to know from where the angel came and where it has gone?   The connections between what the people perceive and how they respond is left unclear. It is not clear why a neighbor woman thinks that the angel is in danger and recommends killing him, neither it is clear that how and why Pelayo and Elisenda’s baby got cured?Uncertainty remains through out and the people like other readers in the story just make interpretation of events but do not understand them. It is rightly said that it is a fairy tale without any constructive explanation.

Educating Essay

â€Å"Individuals venturing into new experiences may encounter obstacles but may also gain significant rewards†. â€Å"Do you agree with this perspective?† In your response, refer to your prescribed text and atleast one other related text of your own choosing. Individuals venturing into new experiences may encounter obstacles but may also gain significant rewards. This is present in the text ‘Educating Rita’ written by Willy Russell and the film ‘The Help’ written by Kathryn Stockett. In this text we see a fairly un-educated woman blossom and find herself through education; the obstacles she faces on her way to knowledge are the stepping stones in finding herself and entering the new world of education. Rita is a typical uneducated woman; her life is already planned out for her consisting of children, cooking/cleaning, pub trips and the overall expectation to be content with this life and not expect any more. However throughout the text we see Rita break away from this lower class/restricting stereotype to blossoming and finding herself in the world of education. The opening scene portrays to us the two completely different worlds in which Rita and Frank live. Rita has enrolled in an Open University course as she sees education as a way of moving out of her world; she feels out of step with her working class background and wants to discover herself first before having a baby and tying herself down for life. Rita’s constant desire to ‘know everything’ makes Frank feel that he is an appalling teacher because he feels he has nothing to offer her. Frank is Rita’s course tutor; he is a very negative and dismal man who is heavily reliant on alcohol to dull his boredom and frustration. Although being a jaded alcoholic he is also a very precise, formal and educated professor who is just on a downward spiral in his life. Throughout the text we see Rita and Frank’s relationship grow as Rita makes him feel as if he has hope again, therefore his drive comes back. In scene one we observe Rita struggling to open the door into Frank’s office; this symbolises her struggle to enter that world, it’s a barrier, however she’s determined to get what she wants – in this case education – therefore almost breaks the door in order to get in. â€Å"You’re the first breath of air that’s been in this room for years† quoted by Frank symbolises the opening up of a new world for him, he’s now got someone new and different to experience. This is a good change for Frank. Scene two beings with Rita oiling Frank’s office door, then handing the oil to Frank. This is symbolic of giving him the key/tool to open up to another world. Rita still doesn’t portray herself as a ‘proper student’ and her self esteem/confidence is still very low. She doesn’t think she is capable of achieving the great essays that the other students write and doubts herself that she will even finish the course. This scene really reveals the cost that trying to change herself is likely to have on Rita. She is dissatisfied with her life and has a desire to change it, yet it would be easier in her opinion to simply stay as she is and continue her boring life of hairdressing and different flavoured beers. Frank assigns Rita 3 novels to read as her hunger for knowledge is starting to grow extremely. The slow change in Rita is starting to become evident as she can read/take on any book presented to her, â€Å"it feeds me inside†. Her hunger is growing and making her slowly discover who she is, â€Å"it makes me stronger comin’ here†. Although Rita feels as if she’s finally accepted in the university and has a place/fits in with the ‘proper students’, she still has barriers to face in her personal life that are important determining points in her progress and choices as an individual. Rita’s husband Denny isn’t accepting nor happy about her doing this ‘whole learning thing’ and forces her to choose between him and education as he doesn’t understand that this is the first time she’s happy and felt a sense of purpose in her life. Denny has made her constantly feel stupid for even considering getting an education and therefore burns all of her books. The burning of the books is symbolic of Denny trying to prevent Rita from moving away. â€Å"You’d think I was havin’ a bloody affair the way he behaves† â€Å"And aren’t you?† symbolises Rita’s affair with education. Although she may not be cheating on Denny, she still desires to educate herself more than spend time with her husband and is happy with this choice as it is her own choice and no one else’s. In scene six we start to see a notable change in the relationship between Rita and Frank. When Rita bursts into Frank’s office excited to tell him that she saw one of Shakespeare’s plays â€Å"it was bleedin’ great†, Frank thought that something serious had happened – which indicates that he is beginning to care for her. After inviting Rita to a dinner party at his house Frank feels closer to Rita – this invite symbolises the change in the basis of their relationship from teacher and student to a more personal one. Throughout the text we have seen Rita grow and shape herself as an individual, no matter what obstacles and new experiences she has encountered with on her way she has got through them with determination and strength, and as a result has been great personal gain. Towards the end of the text Frank presents Rita with a dress; this is symbolic of a dress for an educated woman, she is now one and can wear the dress with pride. Frank decides to leave the university, as he does not feel it is the right career for him anymore and would prefer to spend his time doing something else. Rita and Frank have both grown and found themselves throughout this text which is also evident in the film ‘The Help’ written by Kathryn Stockett. The Help is set in Mississippi during the 1960s, main character Skeeter (Stone) is a southern society girl who returns from college determined to become a writer, but turns her friends’ lives – and the Mississippi town – upside down when she decides to interview the black women who have spent their lives taking care of the richer upper class families. Davis, Skeeter’s best friend’s housekeeper, is the first to open up and be interviewed – to the shock of her friends in the close black community. Despite Skeeter’s life long friendships hanging in the balance, she and Davis continue their partnership and soon more women come forward to tell their stories – and as it turns out, they have a lot to say. Along the way, unlikely friendships are forged and a new sisterhood emerges, but not before everyone in town has a thing or two to say themselves when they become unsuspectingly/unwillingly caught up in the changing modern times. This is relevant to the text Educating Rita as the women find the courage and self confidence to venture into new experiences to help better either themselves or their community.

Ideology and Social Movement in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ideology and Social Movement in China - Essay Example This interrelationship is of great significance in the development of Chinese culture, social movement and modernization. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate what happens to ideas and ideologies when they are transplanted to settings other than their own original time and context. The main focus will be on Confucianism applied to the challenge of modernization in China, modern western liberalism in pre- and post- May 4th era, and Marxism in both pre- and post- 1949 China. Until 1917, Chinese literary language was regarded as the key cultural domain or â€Å"the national essence†, and was one of the few elements of China’s tradition that did not succumb to the challenge of modernization presented by western imperialism4. The Chinese Civil War (1927 to 1949) drew to a close with the Chinese revolution of 1949, and later led to the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). By this time, traditional Chinese culture was believed to have expired, though the decline began soon after 1895. However, Mao Tse-Tung, the Chinese communist leader and others believed that modernization was â€Å"a self-renewal of China’s inherent tradition†¦of thought and culture,†5 and this was the basis on which Western sciences and technologies were transplanted into China, while rejecting the socio-political and ideological culture of the West. From the end of the 1970s, contemporary and modern western philosophical trends were gradually incorporated into Chinese ideologies, eliminating dogmatism and old traditional thought hardened by lack of reform. Confucius (551-479 BCE), the Chinese philosopher, thinker and educator, established various guidelines towards living human life optimally. Confucianism has deeply influenced Chinese philosophy and ideologies. One thousand years before the conceptualization of humanism in the West, Confucianism stressed on the value of humanity, the

Emergency Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emergency Management - Essay Example There is an allocation of fewer funds than was budgeted for by these organizations. For example, Red Cross was accused of exploitation of funds in Haiti quake. They received $354million in donations and allocated $106 million, the rest $248 million was not allocated. Haiti victims demonstrated, and the Red Cross was questioned, only to reveal that they were holding the money and defending Red Cross by stating it has a system and process of fund disbursement (Burns, 2006). This act is extremely unprofessional, and it decreases organization reputation and integrity (Taori, 2005). Relief in tragedy incapacitated areas is in the form of foodstuff, drugs, clothing, and shelter. Some of these commodities never reach the intended victims, which is unprofessional for the company ((Taori, 2005). This is known, since even after the donation of these items, cases of lack of them is reported by journalists who cover the stories. An example is the floods that wrecked the ‘Red River Valley’ in Minnesota and ‘North Dakota’ in 1997 spring. Red Cross did not release the donations as a report issued by the Attorney General indicated that people still had corroded basements and foundations. In addition, they had inconveniences caused by flood induced by mould and mildew. International laws mandated to govern the process of donations and disbursement. This leads to fragmentation inside the organization and delays fund disbursement (Burns, 2006). In addition, it leads to lack of proper communication within the organizations enhancing berating from agencies. This, together with lack of government support, distorts the organizations efficient running as they are institutionalized. In my opinion, I feel that there’s fragmentation and misunderstanding within and outside the organizations. The reason for the inefficiency is that these non governmental emergency management organizations lack enough

The Customer Relations Management of Macys Inc Term Paper

The Customer Relations Management of Macys Inc - Term Paper Example Macy's 2nd key problem is how to increase the competitiveness of the company in order to win more customers who will patronize Macy’s products. And the 3rd major problem is how to evaluate whether or not the company is on the right track towards satisfying customers enough to maintain loyal customers and win new customers. Not all can be resolved by customer relations because product developments and technology also make a difference in customer decisions. This paper will focus on the roles of customer relations management as a vital means of achieving the desired objectives for shareholders, management, and employees, and for the customers of Macy’s. Value of CRM For Macy’s Inc., loyal customers have made the company an ongoing, lively, and rewarding organization of people and business systems since its start way back in 1858. Its founder, Rowland Hussey Macy, opened what used to be a dry goods store along #204-206 6th Avenue and also at the 14th Avenue. In 1862, his stores made what others saw as an innovation in a way to attract customers. He placed Santa Claus in his stores and advertised the message: â€Å"What do you want for Christmas?† (Macy’s Inc. 2012-A). The strategy reflected the value of customer relations over 150 years ago. It recognized that people valued the occasion of Christmas and celebrated it with gift giving to others. And importance was given to what people want for the special occasion. Furthermore, the message probed the public for what they wanted knowing people celebrate Christmas with buying what they need and want. Customer relations is about knowing what people value, what people want, and providing both in a pleasing way. Without such customer relations, how can the business compete with other similar stores with similar products? Without sales, owners will not earn profits. And soon, without profits to cover for expenses, the business is doomed to close in the absence of good customer relations that draw people to voluntarily see and appreciate products on sale.

Internal Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Internal Marketing - Essay Example (Tathman, 1978, no page) Creating an enabling kind of culture. This is only done when each and every employee is empowered by their management when they allow innovation, creativity and when they allow different kinds of initiatives and take further responsibilities. Ensuring rewards. Each and every kind of an organization must ensure that they are providing their customers and their employees the best thing and along with this when their employees perform well then they should reward them with extra amount, or with extra bonus. Fairness during hard period. There should be a fair treatment when employees are working together they should be treated equally so that they can perform better in an organization and when the performance improves, then automatically they will generate good results. When different people are working together in an organization they are thus there to perform in the most efficient manner. They should thus work very hard in order to generate the best results so that their organization can be prosper and remain competitive. (Tathman, 1978, no page) Internal marketing along with all its activities encourages their employee to perform better and more efficiently. Internal Marketing leads their employees to empower, give them a form of accountability and create a common mean and a common way of understanding their business organization. IM helps to encourage employees in order to offer superb service to all their clients by appreciating their valuable kind of contribution towards the successes of their business, it also helps the non marketing staff in order to learn and make them able in order to perform different forms of staff in the marketing field. It helps in improving the customer retention as well and in the development of the employees of the organization. (Tathman, 1978, no page) Along with this internal marketing integrates the business structure, business culture, the human resource management, social and professional needs and the strategies and vision of the employees. It helps in creating good cooperation and good coordination among the departments of their business. Following are some problems, which effect the implementation of an internal marketing Interpersonal managerial incompetence, the conceptual and technical skills are some of the hard blocks against the successful internal marketing. The poor understanding of all the concepts of an internal marketing. Different types of conflicts, which occurs between individuals and between the departments. Internal marketing is termed as an important tool for implementation. It helps a lot in communication and apart from this it also helps a lot to overcome any kind of resistance for any kind of change. Internal Marketing informs and involves all the staff members in any kind of new initiatives and in all the kind of

Government response to terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Government response to terrorism - Essay Example There have been numerous controversies surrounding legal definition of terrorism. Left-wing critics claim that use of a nation’s armed forces in crushing an opponent’s political progress amounts to terrorism. In this context, a ruling government which uses indiscriminate violence to destroy an opponent’s progress engages in terrorism. Apart from a ruling government, terrorism comprise of violent activities used by nationalists fighting an oppressive regime. In fact the late Nelson Mandela was once branded as a terrorist by the white government in South Africa. This means that these controversies undermine existence of a definite boundary between justifiable uses of violence for political progress. Fraser and Staniforth (2012) says that from a legal perspective, UK law defines terrorism as any act of violence that causes or threatens to cause indiscriminate loss of lives, property damage and create a serious risk to health and safety of the public. The UK governme nt takes any such form of violence which seeks to influence governmental institutions or the public as acts of terror. Terrorism is not new in Britain. In the last decade, British security forces arrested approximately 1800 people in connection to terror related cases. Most of these individuals arrested are British citizens involved or associated with accomplishing assistance roles in extremist activities. Demographics show that a substantial portion of those arrested are radical youth lured by perpetrators towards a path of violent extremism.

Should the middle east countries depend on the oil for their economy Essay

Should the middle east countries depend on the oil for their economy - Essay Example As the vast oil reserves were discovered, the economy or group of economies experienced significant changes in various macro-economic aspects (TÃ ©treault). From business point of view, oil is not only a fuel but also an object for trade. Many authors and academicians agreed that it a very important source of foreign exchange and contributor to economic development. Middle East’s aggregate oil reserves are accountable for approximately 66% of total oil supply in the world. Monopoly in oil industry has resulted in wealth creation at a rapid pace in majority of countries in the region. Apart from the vast reserves, another reason behind oil monopoly of Middle Eastern (ME) countries is that these countries have been a great support to the world economy during major oil and energy crisis in 1979-81 and 1985-86. However, the oil industry is also a reason of economic misery in the ME region, it has resulted in power intervention, political corruption and militarization (TÃ ©treault; Toft 7265-7274). Oil is considered as a resource of paramount importance in domestic as well as international economic and political environment from importers’ as well as exporters’ point of view. While oil is the main source of economic development and global recognition for ME countries, the ME economy does suffer from various disturbances as a cost of owning the largest reserve of the lucrative resource. It was observed during the study that the oil wealth has created national economic distortion and imbalance in power and wealth distribution. Keeping in view the disadvantages of oil as a source of economic development, the paper presents arguments against the heavy dependence of ME economy on oil as a source of economic sustenance. The primary reason behind tremendous importance of oil in the Middle East is its role in the world economy. Oil is a source of national importance not only to small developing economies but also to major developed economies such as

Specifications & Documentations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Specifications & Documentations - Research Paper Example The requirements of the project ought to contain the main objectives that are described in details and are precise (Demetrovics, Knuth & Rado, 2005). The requirements of a project are competent of presenting an original tool for the severe evaluation of the quality of the project. This is because; the final review of the project must be capable of showing a clear and precise requirement. Unfortunately, the idea of meeting all the requirements in a project does not ensure that the project will meet the required quality. Therefore, there is the implementation of a clear outline of the specifications that the project can use to achieve the right quality of the product (Duenas, 2006). Categorization of the Requirements For the computer project to be effective and be capable of implementation of a given set of task, then a requirement which is essential and is of the most priority is categorized. The categorization of the requirements needed for the project include the input devices as we ll as the output devices. There is also the category of usability and performance. Similarly, there is categorization of the requirement of target platform parameters and also the scalability categorization. They include the user requirements. This requirement category describes the chief needs and the goals of the user. This user requirement is often carried out at the end of the task analysis. This is because the user is capable of examining the final goals the project has been able to meet without many complications (Duenas, 2006). The second category of the requirement is the system requirement. This requirement has more than one meaning, first, it can mean the capability of the system with which, and also on which and moreover through which a given product is... The paper tells that there are a variety of system models which the computer system has. There is the data processing model. This model shows how the system data undergoes processing at various stages of the process. Second, there is the model called the composition model. This model shows how the system entities are chiefly made up of other minor entities. Third, there is the system modem called the architectural model. This model displays the system principal sub systems. Fourthly, there is the classification model. This model shows how the entities have a common and similar characteristic. Finally, there is the model called the stimulus or the response model. This final model displays the system’s reaction to the major event of the system. Additionally, there is the semantic data model. This model describes the chief logicality of the structured data that is to be processed by the system. The model further sets out the main entities of the system and their relations to each other. Moreover, it sets the distinction between the chief relationship of the entities and of the entity attributes of the system. The semantic model is further utilized in the designing of the database. This can easily be capable of the implementation of using the relational databases. Eventually, there is no given specific notation that the model provides for the association of the system. The system model processing involves the process called the process model of the system. This process model displays the overall processing and also the procedures that the system supports.

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Example for Free

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Literature Review The following paper will address the research process using the article Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in Pregnant Adolescents. The research process consists of nine parts that include; selecting a problem, formulating a hypothesis, reviewing the literature, listing the measures, describing the subjects, constructing a design, constructing and identifying measurement devices, analysis of the data, and generating conclusions (Neutens Rubinson, 2010). The literature review shows that adolescent pregnancy is a multifaceted problem. Adolescent pregnancy has risk factors that must be taken into account. Ethics Some of these risk factors would be the ethical considerations. The Nuremberg Code which was established in 1947 tried to provide regulations. These regulations were to prevent any more atrocities in human research (Neutens Rubinson, 2010). One of the ethical considerations would be informed consent. Informed consent came about after the Nuremberg Code. Informed consent is about telling the subject about the details of the research, any risks or benefits that could come about (Neutens Rubinson, 2010) Ethical considerations must be taken into consideration when performing tests on human subjects. If anything is not disclosed in the informed consent, it would leave the researchers vulnerable to a lawsuit as well as invalidating the research study. In the article, Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in Pregnant Adolescents, informed consent was followed. â€Å"Informed consent was obtained from the participant and if the participant was younger than 18 years old, conse nt was obtained from her guardian with assent of the minor (participant)† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). The researchers found the subjects during their first prenatal care appointment to the â€Å"Women and Infants Hospital Women’s Primary Care Center, Providence, RI between March 2002 and February 2005† (Phipps Nunes,  2012). Steps were taken to ensure that the participants would be considered adolescents even after their babies were born and that they would understand what was expected of them. The research study was conducted by using research assistants that interviewed the participants. They were questioned about their â€Å"demographic characteristics, life plans, social supports, peer and family relationships, financial support, behavioral risks, and medical history† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). In example, research surveys â€Å"included validated questions where available and where not available content-relevant questions were assessed for face validity. The surveys underwent a process of review and revision that included both clinical experts and age-relevant volunteers† (). In the survey, subjects were asked about pregnancy planning, so that the assistants could assess the subjects’ level of agreement with statements. The statements were coded to assess for risk factors. The state ments ranged from trying to getting pregnant and best age to get pregnant as well as overall feelings about pregnancy (Phipps Nunes, 2012). Statistical Analysis All of the information that was gathered by the research assistants from the participants is used in the statistical analysis to determine the significance level. â€Å"The significance level of a statistical hypothesis test is a fixed probability of wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis, if it is in fact true. The significance level is typically set at five percent† (The Statistics Glossary, n.d.). So anything higher than five percent would be considered statistically insignificant. The researchers â€Å"did observe significant associations between our pregnancy intention metrics and known risk factors for poor outcomes† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). There were two dimensions of pregnancy intention that the researchers assessed. The two significant dimensions were emotional readiness and planning. Emotional readiness was more â€Å"strongly associated with risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnant teens identified as not emotionally ready were at increased risk for delayed prenatal care, inadequate prenatal care utilization, delayed use of prenatal vitamins, recent smoking, recent drinking, recent drug use and depression† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). The findings in the research study article is statistically significant. The study showed that emotional readiness and planning are critical for having a  healthy pregnancy. Before this study came out, researchers thought that being emotionally ready was not nearly as important to pregnancy as proper health care. However, if one is not emotionally ready it can affect getting proper health care. Research Conclusions The conclusion to this study determined that emotional readiness and planning are the main risk factors for adolescent pregnancy that has adverse outcome. This study tests the thought that emotional readiness and planning are the two most important factors against family type as the most important risk factor. If the study was looking into preventing adolescent pregnancy, then family type is the most important risk factor. Emotional readiness and planning are important so that one will have a healthy pregnancy. The results to this study are appropriate. There is enough information to determine that the article was indeed effective. The statistics provided in this study were quantitative in nature. The data was collected in an ethical manner. This can be determined by the appropriate exclusion criteria. The article further indicates that previous research was conducted on the topic adolescent pregnancy. This research enabled the creation of a scoring method to identify adolescents tha t are at risk for pregnancy. The results to this study are very appropriate and there is enough information to determine that the article was indeed effective. The statistics provided in this study were clearly listed and defined. The data was ethically collected and appropriate exclusion criteria were indicated to avoid producing biased results. The article further indicates that previous research was conducted on the topic of adolescent pregnancy. This research enabled the creation of a scoring method to identify those at risk of adolescent pregnancy. The article, Assessing pregnancy intention and associated risks in pregnant adolescents, looks into risk factors for adolescents becoming pregnant and having a health pregnancy. The article uses the research process to come to the conclusions that family type, emotional readiness and planning are all important. Family type is statistically important because it states that an adolescent is more at risk for pregnancy if they come from a less than ideal home. Emotional readiness and planning is statistically important because they can affect pregnancy outcome. These conclusions are the same con clusions that the researchers came to in their article. References Neutens, J. J., Rubinson, L. (2010). Research techniques for the health sciences (4th Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Phipps, M. G., Nunes, A. P. (2012). Assessing pregnancy intention and associated risks in pregnant adolescents. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(9), 1820-7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0928-0 The Statistics Glossary. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/glossary/

Economic Scarcity and Finite Resources

Economic Scarcity and Finite Resources Introduction As the technology boom continues to strive throughout the 20th and 21st century, industries are forced to produce products for the increase in demand. By doing so, manufacturers are blindly meeting these demands while negatively affecting our environment, specifically pollution. In order to produce the materials and components required for modern day technology, industries must manipulate factories that produced billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and other green-house gases that contribute to pollution and overall global warming. Especially, with the recent increase of environmentalists and other concerned consumers, economic activities such as manufacturing must be conducted without leaving a substantial impact on our surrounding environment. The reason being, economists are beginning to discover the correlation between the success of a business and how they treat their environment. If a business promotes and begins to take part in environmentally friendly practices, the business will attract a larger margin of consumers. Therefore, as a businessman and global citizen it is important for us to buy environmentally friendly products from manufacturers that produce limited pollution. Relation to Scarcity Economic scarcity can be summarized as the situation where businesses don’t have enough resources to produce and fulfil the demand for certain products. In relation to pollution, natural resources such as water and agriculture are becoming scarce and affecting businesses. Johnson, Kevin. What Is Scarcity in Economics?. eHow. Demand Media, 12 July 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5175741_scarcity-economics_.html>. Water Resource With factories continuing to produce materials, the pollution created greatly affects the quality of fresh water resources through acid rain and dumping. Environmental Indicators. Government of Canada, Environment Canada. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=enn=D189C09D-1>. For instance, the world’s fresh water supply available to the human population is only 3%. With pollution affecting bodies of fresh water such as the great lakes of Ontario, this small percentage shall continue to decrease while the amount of people suffering from inadequate water increases. As of today, 1.1 billion people are suffering from water shortages and this is predicted to rise. For example, in 2025 approximately two thirds of the global population and numerous ecosystems could possibly suffer from water shortages. World Wildlife. WorldWildlife.org. World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity>. Agricultural Resource Alongside the shortage of fresh water, plants and other agricultural sources are being affected by the increase pollution. The reason being, the green-house gases emitted from factories and other human activities are increasing the ozone levels of our planet. A surplus of ozone results in the destruction of crops, plants and trees which results in economic losses in the agriculture and forestry industry. It is estimated that the increase of ozone costs Canadian farmers millions of dollars in lost production annually. EPA. The Effects: Economy. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www2.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-economy>. Opportunity Cost In society both consumers and manufacturers are faced with the economic problem of having infinite wants but with inadequate resources. Therefore, we are forced to make important yet difficult choices about how to distribute these limited resources. This economic problem is called opportunity cost, where making a certain choice prevents you obtaining an alternative goal or item. In regards to pollution, manufactures have to choose one of the following situations: Pollute the environment in order to produce goods and satisfy the demand for a cheaper cost, however they must pay the carbon tax. Avoid polluting the environment by spending more money in order to produce goods and satisfy the demand while avoiding the carbon tax. The carbon tax, is enforced by the federal government to charge manufacturers for each tonne of green-house gases (including carbon) they emit. The goal is to ultimately reduce green-house gas emissions by pressuring businesses to go eco-friendly. What is a Carbon Tax?. Province of British Columbia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/A1.htm>. Consumers also face a similar ideal where they either: Purchase the environmentally friendly product at a higher cost. Purchase the non-environmentally friendly product at a lower cost but carry the burden of supporting a company that produces excess pollution. The ideal situation would be that companies would produce their products while reducing the pollution they create and consumers would purchase these environmentally friendly products. However, this would result in manufacturers spending more money to insure they are considered green, in order to compensate for the additional spending they could lay-off a portion of their employees. Also, more money would be coming out of the consumer’s product to buy the eco-friendly product. In the end the perfect scenario is impossible to reach; which is the basis of the idea of opportunity cost. Stakeholders Stakeholders are defined as a party or individual who show interest or withhold a connection with a certain issue or organization. Stakeholder Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stakeholder.asp>. In terms of pollution, the cause of increase in green-house gases is no other than the result of human activity industrialized in the 20th and 21st century, therefore I believe that both consumer and manufacturer are the stakeholders for pollution. The reason being, businesses introduced new advanced technologies every day, resulting in a large demand for these products; for example the automobile. Manufactures then meet these demands and produced automobiles for the population while producing pollution. The automobiles were the daily driven by a large percentage of consumers and this continued to emit green-house gases into our atmosphere and created pollution. Economic System Similar to the United States, Canada has adapted a market-oriented economic system that combines private enterprise with government regulation. Economy Watch Follow The Money. Canada Economic Structure. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/canada/structure-of-economy.html>. In other words, a market economy is where businesses meet the product demands and price of the consumers with little government intervention. Market Economy Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketeconomy.asp>. By doing so, Canada’s economy is considered free yet economists argue the effectiveness of a market economy on issues such as pollution. As of today, Canada is ranked 28 on the world air quality index and 6 on the world freedom index. Air Quality Ranking. Yale Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://epi.yale.edu/epi/issue-ranking/air-quality>. 2014 Index of Economic Freedom. Index o f Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity by Country. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.heritage.org/index/>. Meaning, our country is relatively environmentally friendly with a strong and free market economy. Therefore, according to the statistics I believe that Canada should resume being a market economy because we’re are historically successful and are continuing to improve our nation. On the other hand, if Canada was a command economy, where the government regulates the amount and price of products produced and sold in an economy. Command Economy Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/command-economy.asp>. Under the correct leading government party, Canada could potentially be ranked higher on the air quality index but most definitely lower on the world freedom index. If we were to eliminate the amount of pollution we currently produce, that would mean more economic spendin g on behalf of the government, manufacturer and consumer. Resulting in our economy and possibly Canadian dollar value to decrease. Therefore, I believe that a command economy would not be suitable for our nation because it would be unsuccessful and it goes against our beliefs and tradition of being a free and strong nation. Economist Point of View In the recent centuries, there have been many economists who argued which type of economy is better. Each economist had their own ideas and theories on how an economy should be regulated, the most famous economists include David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus. Economists. Education Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-economists-adam-smith-david-ricardo-thomas-malthus.html#lesson>. David Ricardo David Ricardo was a British economist who lived from the late 17th century into the early 18th century. Through his lifetime he had various professions relating to the world of economics including a stock broker. From his experience and knowledge he gained from economists before him such as Adam Smith, Ricardo developed his own theories of the perfect economy. His theories were based on his principles of supporting free trade and limited government regulation such as his theory of comparative advantage. If David Ricardo lived to see the Canadian economy in its current condition, it would be an accurate representation of his utopian economy. In regards to the issue with pollution and its effects on the economy, I believe that Ricardo would leave the issue to the manufacturers and consumers. He would trust that as global citizens, we would learn how to prioritize our needs and wants while reducing the amount of pollution being generated by industries. Like Canada’s market econom y, Ricardo would not want the government having a significant impact on the manufacturers, regulating their every action and decision. Therefore, I believe that David Ricardo would resolve the pollution issue by allowing the Canadian consumer and manufacturer to work things with limited government assistance and help from other foreign countries. Economists. Education Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-economists-adam-smith-david-ricardo-thomas-malthus.html#lesson>. Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus was another British economist who lived in the 17th and 18th century. He is reminded of his inspiration on Darwin’s theory of evolution and his own theory of limited resources. He believed that one day, the human population would exceed the amount of resources available. In order to avoid this situation, he believed in regulating the amount of offspring. In a sense Thomas Malthus’ theory is correct, in the modern day world with over 7 billion people, we find ourselves running out of limited resources such as oil and forestry. However, Malthus never interpreted the idea of society adjusting to the changing population and resources with the help of technology. For example to compensate for excess pollution, Canada is relying on new energy sources such as hydro and wind. In regards to reduce pollution in Canada, I believe Malthus would regulate the offspring in order to preserve our agriculture and water resources. However, it would not be as effective as Da vid Ricardo’s resolution or what Canada has implemented already. Economists. Education Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-economists-adam-smith-david-ricardo-thomas-malthus.html#lesson>. Both economists have theories that relate to the current economic situation of Canada and the situation involved with excess pollution. Although if I was to resolve the pollution issue in Canada, I would follow David Ricardo’s theories, which are already the basis of the current Canadian economy. Resolution After researching the theories of previous economist, the causes and effects of pollution on the Canadian economy, I believe we should: Increase the carbon tax to further pressure manufacturers into becoming environmentally friendly and producing excess pollution. Reward consumers that choose to buy eco-friendly products by rewarding them with rebates or decreasing the tax on eco-friendly items. Introduce new programs and organizations to clean our fresh water resources including the great lakes. Continue to fund power generating industries such as hydro, solar and air. Works Cited 2014 Index of Economic Freedom. Index of Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity by Country. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.heritage.org/index/>. Air Quality Ranking. Yale Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://epi.yale.edu/epi/issue-ranking/air-quality>. Command Economy Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/command-economy.asp>. EPA. The Effects: Economy. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www2.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-economy>. Economists. Education Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-economists-adam-smith-david-ricardo-thomas-malthus.html#lesson>. Economy Watch Follow The Money. Canada Economic Structure. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/canada/structure-of-economy.html>. Environmental Indicators. Government of Canada, Environment Canada. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=enn=D189C09D-1>. Johnson, Kevin. What Is Scarcity in Economics?. eHow. Demand Media, 12 July 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5175741_scarcity-economics_.html>. Market Economy Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketeconomy.asp>. Stakeholder Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stakeholder.asp>. What is a Carbon Tax?. Province of British Columbia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/A1.htm>. World Wildlife. WorldWildlife.org. World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity>.

West Nile Virus: The Silent, Deadly Killer :: Essays Papers

West Nile Virus: The Silent, Deadly Killer Webster’s defines a virus as being a ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts. In the article, â€Å"A New Transcontinental Disease: The West Nile Virus,† by Alicia Campbell and H. Michael Dreher, the authors describe exactly what the virus is, the history of the virus, and how to treat it. It was published in 2002 in Medsurg Nursing because the virus itself was becoming more and more of a threat to the public welfare. In order to fully understand the virus and its complex makeup, extensive research and case studies had to be made. After years of tracking the virus and its origins, tests conducted on how it was transferred from host to host and how exactly the public in general can protect itself from deadly viruses established a research base for further studies. The New York West Nile epidemic brought a lot of attention to the forgotten lethal virus. The virus is carried by the common North American mosquito. Viruses have existed among us for many years, and cause many very deadly outbreaks all across the globe. The virus can rapidly spread throughout an area in no time; host-to-host it spreads like a wild fire. From the author’s source, it is speculated that the HIV virus originated in Africa and Haitians carried the virus back to their homeland. The authors also tell us that many viruses originate within the depths of over populated forests causing the animals and insects to move on. As they progress to find a better location, they carry deadly viruses with them, infecting brand new regions. Today the West Nile virus continues to be a threat. The authors tell us that it is more than likely that we will see more cases of the virus across the United States as it is now widespread. Scientists tell us that the West Nile virus originated in Africa in 1937 and the first reported epidemic was reported in Israel. It is not known exactly how the virus reached Israel from Africa. The virus can also be found in animals, increasing the chances that a mosquito could land on an animal with the virus, infect it, and continue to carry the virus on to another host.

Essay --

Genetically altered Importation and Exportations of Food Most of America’s food is processed or genetically engineered. Since the dawn of agriculture, biochemists study our food. Our food is gets new additives every day; however, it is difficult to keep food good without certain chemicals and additives. The debate about processed foods or genetically engineered food increases due to the genetically modified food organizations in Europe. The European Union continues to ban more and more food subjugated to the genetically modified (GMO) category. The US concludes that banning GMOs is not necessary. Europeans believe that it is their right to know what they eat; however, Americans should have the same right as well. Americans should have the right to know what additives are it their food. Genetically modified food should be labeled genetically modified or GMO. â€Å"Seventy percent of US foods are processed† (A-1). In addition, are chemical ingested. This process genetically engineered to make them stay fresh during the import or export process. Our food in the US processed in many ways. For example, farmers spray wheat with pesticides so that insects and unwanted animals will not contaminate them. â€Å"In most of the food items that we have come to know as processed foods, foods such as cookies, crackers, cereal, and yogurt are all crammed with chemicals that’ll let it sit on a shelf for a good long time† (A-2). Chemicals used to keep food fresh and stay fresh for longer period than what the expiration date says. Foods like cereal can be placed on a shelf at home and easily stay fresh a lot longer than what the expiration date says. People wonder if their product is safe. If a product is able to stay fresh in abnormal places, it most likel... ... concerned bout having enough food for the mass majority of the American population the US concludes that banning GMOs is not necessary. Europeans believe that it is their right to know what they eat; however, Americans should have the same right as well. Americans should have the right to know what additives are it their food. Genetically modified food should be labeled genetically modified or GMO in order to sease all debates with the American and European union. Not only is it the European union there are small organision debates that benach out all over the world. Ameircan food organisastions argue because they demand to know what is in there food. If the American union would agree to label all food items that are GMO, â€Å"GMO† the European union as well as America could save a ton of money annually because they wouldn’t have to spend it importation food testing.

do not go gentle into that goodnight by dylan thomas Essay -- essays r

Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night - Dylan Thomas [1914-1953] Relevant Background Dylan Thomas was born at home in Swansea, Wales in 1914. His parents were middle class. His father was a schoolmaster in English at the local grammar school. Dylan Thomas was anxious in himself as a child and sometimes unwell. He was often absent from school and dropped out at sixteen. He preferred to read on his own. He did very well in English and reading, but neglected other subjects. As a poet it is clear that Dylan Thomas enjoyed playing with language. ‘Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night’ is an emotional and touching appeal to his dying father not to die. Though Dylan’s father was an English teacher, he didn’t like his job. However, Dylan was always grateful to his father for giving him a love of literature. Thomas feared, respected, and deeply loved his father. His father had been ill a long time without realising that he was dying. Thus he couldn’t show his father this emotional poem. Dylan Thomas spoke this poem to his father in his mind, but not in real life. The poem is a villanelle. A villanelle is made up of five stanzas of three lines followed by a final stanza of four lines. See the note on ‘Form’ below. It is normal for two of the lines to be repeated in a pattern throughout the poem. So even though it is a nineteen-line poem, there are only thirteen individual lines of poetry to understand. Dylan Thomas’ poetry is known for its vivid and often fantastic imagery. He drank himself to death in a drinking session in New York City in 1953. Summary In the first stanza or tercet the poet urges his very ill father to fight his illness. It is expressing a hope rather than an actual command because his father never heard the poem. Dylan Thomas declares that even in old age the old should violently resist their death. The poet urges his father to angrily hold on to his life. In the second stanza, Thomas states that wise men may know that death is natural but they too resist death violently. They hold on because they realise they have not made a sufficient impact on society with their wisdom. In the third stanza, Thomas states that honest men don’t accept their death because they want to live on to give more good example to others. In the fourth stanza, Thomas states that men who lived mad and wild lives don’t give in at the end. Thomas d... ... sounds to emphasise anger and fighting in ‘Rage, Rage, against’. Notice the use of long ‘i’ sounds in the remainder of the line to express sadness ‘dying of the light’. Sibilance [repetition of ‘s’ sound] The four ‘s’ sounds in ‘Curse, bless me now with your fierce tears’ create music and a mixture of tender and angry feelings. Form It is an elaborately structured villanelle. A villanelle is made up of five stanzas of three lines [tercets] followed by a quatrain, a unit of four lines of poetry. The opening line of the poem, the first line in the first stanza, also ends the second and fourth tercets. The third and final line of the first tercet ends the third and fifth tercet as well as the quatrain at the end of the poem. Rhyme There are just two end sounds shared by all the lines in the poem: ‘ight’ and ‘ay’. The poem follows the strict rhyme scheme of the villanelle. The first and third lines of each of the three-line stanzas rhyme with the same end sound for all those stanzas. The second line of all the stanzas rhyme. In the four-line stanza the first line rhymes with the third and the fourth line. ‘Go’ and ‘good’ as well as ‘rage, rage’ create music through internal rhyme.

Case Study: Merck & Company: the Vioxx Recall

Running head: CASE STUDY: MERCK & COMPANY: THE VIOXX RECALL Merck & Company: The Vioxx Recall Albert Balogun California Baptist University BUS 520A: Managerial Ethics Jim Bishop, PhD June 30, 2010 Merck & Company: The Vioxx Recall The issues involved in Merck, a pharmaceutical manufacturing company’s recall of one its products, Vioxx, is the effect of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of prescription drug on the society public health, the impact of it on the doctor –patient relationship and other ethical considerations.The purpose of this paper is to make an exposition of issues that the recall case entailed including the ethical issues that were involved, and the propriety of DTC advertising method. The legal implications of the recall and the effect of an enactment of a law by the Congress to prevent the use of DTC method of advertising will also be examined. The Beginning of Merck Troubles A number of reasons could be adduced for Merck’s troubles; from a ve ry reputable pharmaceutical company to one that had its major brand withdrawn from the market with considerable adverse financial implications.Apart from the role of direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmaceutical advertising and its impact on the company’s decision-making process during the period preceding and leading to the recall of Vioxx which will be the central focus of this paper, other reasons exist as well. These include the competitiveness of very high magnitude that existed in the pharmaceutical industry in the 1990s and the dilemma that Merck faced as a result of a number of its patents that were due to expire.These patents were mostly on the company’s most profitable drug lines (Green, 2007). With declining fortune, Merck found DTC irresistible and relied on it heavily to shore up its market share and to remain competitive. This was the case particularly in the aggressive marketing of Vioxx which evidently was discovered to be dangerous to the consumers but which the company ignored as will be expatiated later in this paper.Direct-to Consumer Advertising Direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceutical drugs which involves direct promotion of prescription drugs to patients and physicians has continued to generate a lot of controversies with regard to its impact on the public health and on the relationships that exist between doctors and their patients. The relaxation of the rule governing the direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising in 1997 by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) paved the way for intensification of such mode of advertising by the pharmaceutical companies.The relaxed rule led to widespread use of television to advertise prescription drugs with commensurate big spending by the drug companies (Beauchamp et al, 2008). The Vioxx Recall Story Vioxx was discovered in 1994 by Merck to be among the new class of painkillers known as COX-2 inhibitors. COX-2 inhibitors are the newest form of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (N SAIDs) and Vioxx, as one of them, was developed to overcome the stomach irritation and gastric bleeding associated with older NSAIDs with COX-1 and Cox-2 inhibitors, which include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen to treat people who are in need of long-term pain relief.The COX-2 medication was effective for treatment of arthritis and other pains without users being exposed to stomach damage by naproxen. But the market for it was insignificant. Merck, looking for ways to entrench its market leadership threatened by impending loss of patent, relied heavily on Vioxx to capture the painkiller drug market with which it hoped to shore up its profile and revenue. However, since Vioxx is only COX-2 inhibitors, Merck was concerned about its market strategy if patients have no benefit of cardiovascular derivable from COX-1 (Phua & Achike, 2007).The belief through trials in Merck was that while Vioxx provides guarantee against stomach damage, there is no increased risk to the heart. In 1998 wh en Merck completed the development of Vioxx and submitted application for approval to FDA and before it finally launched Vioxx in 1999, there was considerable positive change in the company’s fortune. It became the number one pharmaceutical company in the world and earned $5. 24 billion in net revenue.During this period, it was discovered by some researchers that COX-2 inhibitors such as Vioxx would interfere with enzymes that very likely to prevent cardiovascular disease. The researchers’ study was opposed by Merck claiming that the study lacked conclusive evidence (Beauchamp et al, 2008). In 1999 prior to the launch of Vioxx into the market, Merck commissioned Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research (VIGOR) trial with the aim of proving that its drug is less risky than the older NSAIDS.Excluding patients with high risk of heart problem, the study gave some patients high doses of Vioxx and precluded them from taking aspirin. Next to this was the approval of Vioxx for marketing to the public by FDA. As opposed to the normal two-year review period for other companies, it took only six months for FDA to review Vioxx for Merck made possible by a special relationship and money inducement. Merck used DTC to successfully market Vioxx to the public (Beauchamp et al, 2008). In 2000, Merck wanted to prove whether Vioxx can reduce colon polyps.It decided to sponsor a study code named ‘APPROVe’ which is Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx. To give effect and credibility to the study, it was controlled and it compared Vioxx with a placebo rather than another drug. It was at this time that the result of VIGOR trial was published internally. The outcome was that even though Vioxx patients showed less stomach damage, there is more blood clot problems than drugs in the naproxen group with five times higher risk of heart attack.Even when Merck’s head of research admitted in internal email confirmed the fear about cardiovascular and opting f or more data before results were made public, it would appear as Merck deliberately suppressed the results of its own study maintaining that all was well by relying only on the favorable aspects of the study. It would appear that the company caused some academics that it was funding to issue a paper based on the VIGOR study and published ‘The New England Journal of Medicine’ to highlight Vioxx benefits to the digestive system and the cardiac problems but to maintain that patients are not at risk of heart problems.The VIGOR results continue to hunt Merck as FDA would later require a label of warning of possible link to cardiovascular problems. Surprisingly, Merck would ignore the recommendation only to be forced to include a warning label that highlight the fewer stomach problems but to expressly include a warning about possibly more heart attacks and strokes (Beauchamp et al, 2008). Merck became more aggressive spending over $100 million on DTC advertising of Vioxx. By August, 2004 when an FDA researcher presented a comprehensive analysis of data collected over 1. million users of Vioxx which showed that they were more likely to suffer heart attack than other COX-2 inhibitors and older NSAIDS, Merck still maintained its stand that Vioxx was safe from cardiovascular problem. It would only take the APPROVe study which was stopped at the behest of the researchers for Merck to finally agree that, according to APPROVe finding, Vioxx exposes users to demonstrably higher incidence of heart attack after 18 months of regular use (Phua & Achike, 2007).Merck finally halted the sales of Vioxx on September 30, 2004 after it had expended over $500 million on DTC advertising of Vioxx raking in over $2. 5 billion in sales revenues in a year. The Ethical Considerations Clearly, the objective to regain and maintain leadership position in the pharmaceutical industry was paramount to Merck than getting a safe product to the market. The huge market share and profits t hat go with such position propelled Merck to overlook essential findings that would have revealed the heart attack risks associated with Vioxx at research and development stages.At introduction stage, both Merck and FDA acted unethically by speeding up the review process. In a situation whereby FDA as the regulator is on the pay of the pharmaceutical industry, it can be expected that the rules and the procedures would be compromised. A pharmaceutical company should have no control over the information that is disclosed about its products because patients rely on the expertise of the physicians to make the best choice for them. When physicians are hired as consultants by companies whose products they prescribe, then conflicts of interest exist.That is why physicians and researchers should be made to disclose their pecuniary interest in any pharmaceutical company and in its drugs. The protagonists of DTC advertising have often argued that the mode has raised the awareness for and acce ss to important new medications as well as the ability of patients to actively engage their physicians in informed discussions about their prescription drugs. The antagonists of DTC advertising however, are of the opinion that the advertising cannot provide enough or detailed information that will enable the consumers to make appropriate drug choices (Sullivan, 2002).Marketing and advertising do not discriminate between segments of the society. For this reason, it is hard to see how the elderly, children, and the less endowed who are vulnerable and susceptible to deceptive and marketing strategies can become more informed in making drug choices (Greene, 2010). The antagonists argue further that the huge amount of money that pharmaceutical companies expend on DTC advertising could make prescription drugs more expensive to the consumers.DTC advertising could also adversely affect the relationship between the doctor and the patient (Beauchamp et al, 2008). It appears that the arguments against direct-to-consumer far outweigh arguments for. Wholeheartedly, any legislation by the U. S. Congress to ban direct-to-consumer (DTC) is supported by this author. DTC advertisings offer a lot of information such that would require assistance from professionals to be properly evaluated by the consumer in order to make good choices.DTC creates knowledge gap between the consumer and the marketer when the consumer cannot properly evaluate the information being received. The possibility that the knowledge gap would exist is very high especially among the less privileged members of the society. This gap is therefore open to manipulation to the advantage of the marketer. Public health is too important to be left the whims of the pharmaceutical industry to manipulate as they have been doing over the years with their unrestrained budgets on DTC.It is pertinent to say only United States has embraced DTC advertising of prescription dugs has never been permitted legally in Europe and it is banned outright in Canada (Green, 2007). Conclusion The case of Merck and its Vioxx recall has proved that pharmaceutical manufacturing companies need to strongly take into consideration the overall interest of public good. It is hard to imagine that decision makers at all levels in Merck would ignore the disturbing information provided by their own VIGOR study.The quest for make bigger profits and control the painkiller drug market seem to becloud their sense of judgments. Many lives were exposed to the risks of heart attack and strokes when the warning signs were staring them in the face. The company itself lost $33 million in market capitalization. This case obviously calls for more and stricter regulations by strengthening the operations of FDA. Reference Beauchamp et al, (2008). Ethical Theory and Business. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Green, R. (2007). Direct-To-Consumer Advertising and Pharmaceutical Ethics.Retrieved June 9, 2010 from http://faculty. chas s. ncsu. edu/comstock Greene, J. (2010). Hidden in Plain Sight. American Journal of Public Health (2010) Vol. 100, No. 5. Retrieved June 27, 2010 from EBSCOhost Database Phua, K. & Achike, F. (2007). Vioxx and Other Pharmaceutical Product Withdrawals. Clinical Ethics. Retrieved June 27, 2010 from EBSCOhost Database Sullivan, P. (2002). No direct-to-consumer drug ads: CMA. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 11/12/2002, Vol. 167 Issue 10, p1153-1153, 1/3p. Retrieved June 28, 2010 from EBSCOhost Database [pic]

Statement of Purpose Santosh G Vattam MS

Statement of purpose Santosh G Vattam MS, Embedded Systems (CIS), May 2012 Research Interest I am a Master of Science and Engineering student majoring in Embedded Systems from University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 2012. I am interested in embedded systems modeling and model based code generation. This interest has developed thanks to my research project with Prof. Insup Lee as well as the Embedded and Cyber Physical Systems and the Principles of Embedded Computation courses I took at Penn with Prof. Insup Lee and Prof. Rajeev Alur respectively.The Embedded and CPS course involved modeling and implementation of a pacemaker, while the Principles of Embedded Computation course provided the much needed theoritical foundation for developing embedded system models and verifying and validating thus developed models. Research projects In Jan 2011, I started working on the Medical Device Dongle(MDD) Project with Prof. Insup Lee. The idea was to make patient monitoring, patient centric rather than device centric by developing a standards-based interface for medical device interoperability.We decided to use the existing device interoperability standard – IEEE11073-PHD with slight modications. I implemented the rst prototype of the IEEE11073 Manager and Agent state machines. We later encountered the problem of providing a medium for using the services of the MDD and thus we designed and implemented an interface to sit on top of the MDD. We have since presented our work at the Wireless Health Conference 2011, San Diego, CA and at Embedded Software Week Android competition, Taipei, Taiwan. We shall also be presenting at the International Health Informatics Symposium, Miami, FL in Jan 2012.Prior to this, I have worked on the Coverage Analysis of RTEMS(Real Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems) as part of Google Summer of Code 2009 and mentored another student in 2010 for the same project. This project was my rst step into the embedded world. I wrote tes t cases to validate that every single line of object code generated was executed. I worked on the RTEMS-core codebase and in 2010 I mentored a student to work on the extended codebase. Research focus I would like to focus my research on model based code generation and validating the conformation of code to the model on which it was based.This is a problem that I have come across while working on the MDD project. We have based our design on the IEEE11073 architecture but there are no open implementations of it through which we can verify our implementation. There are certain validation tools but these just analyze the packet structure of the 11073 packets but not the ow of these packets within the network of devices. I am partly tackling this problem through my Masters thesis by writing test cases to validate the exchange of the right packets. This method, however, does not provide insight into the internal state ow of the code. I would like to study, n depth, the ways of validating code to the state model. I believe that by pursuing a PhD I shall not only gain the necessary skill set to tackle this problem, but also the insight of looking at unstructured data and obtaining structured information from it. Prof Insup Lee and his team at the PRECISE Center work on model based design and validation in the medical device domain. I have been working with Prof. Insup Lee and his team for close to a year now on the MDD project. I believe that the environment and the expertise at the PRECISE Center will provide me with the encouragement and the academic stimulus to excel at my research. Statement of Purpose Santosh G Vattam MS Statement of purpose Santosh G Vattam MS, Embedded Systems (CIS), May 2012 Research Interest I am a Master of Science and Engineering student majoring in Embedded Systems from University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 2012. I am interested in embedded systems modeling and model based code generation. This interest has developed thanks to my research project with Prof. Insup Lee as well as the Embedded and Cyber Physical Systems and the Principles of Embedded Computation courses I took at Penn with Prof. Insup Lee and Prof. Rajeev Alur respectively.The Embedded and CPS course involved modeling and implementation of a pacemaker, while the Principles of Embedded Computation course provided the much needed theoritical foundation for developing embedded system models and verifying and validating thus developed models. Research projects In Jan 2011, I started working on the Medical Device Dongle(MDD) Project with Prof. Insup Lee. The idea was to make patient monitoring, patient centric rather than device centric by developing a standards-based interface for medical device interoperability.We decided to use the existing device interoperability standard – IEEE11073-PHD with slight modications. I implemented the rst prototype of the IEEE11073 Manager and Agent state machines. We later encountered the problem of providing a medium for using the services of the MDD and thus we designed and implemented an interface to sit on top of the MDD. We have since presented our work at the Wireless Health Conference 2011, San Diego, CA and at Embedded Software Week Android competition, Taipei, Taiwan. We shall also be presenting at the International Health Informatics Symposium, Miami, FL in Jan 2012.Prior to this, I have worked on the Coverage Analysis of RTEMS(Real Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems) as part of Google Summer of Code 2009 and mentored another student in 2010 for the same project. This project was my rst step into the embedded world. I wrote tes t cases to validate that every single line of object code generated was executed. I worked on the RTEMS-core codebase and in 2010 I mentored a student to work on the extended codebase. Research focus I would like to focus my research on model based code generation and validating the conformation of code to the model on which it was based.This is a problem that I have come across while working on the MDD project. We have based our design on the IEEE11073 architecture but there are no open implementations of it through which we can verify our implementation. There are certain validation tools but these just analyze the packet structure of the 11073 packets but not the ow of these packets within the network of devices. I am partly tackling this problem through my Masters thesis by writing test cases to validate the exchange of the right packets. This method, however, does not provide insight into the internal state ow of the code. I would like to study, n depth, the ways of validating code to the state model. I believe that by pursuing a PhD I shall not only gain the necessary skill set to tackle this problem, but also the insight of looking at unstructured data and obtaining structured information from it. Prof Insup Lee and his team at the PRECISE Center work on model based design and validation in the medical device domain. I have been working with Prof. Insup Lee and his team for close to a year now on the MDD project. I believe that the environment and the expertise at the PRECISE Center will provide me with the encouragement and the academic stimulus to excel at my research.

20th Century World Literature a Madman’s Diary Essay

In this paper we will research the Chinese Revolution of 1911. Talk about how is Lu Xun’s A Madman’s Diary a reflection of China’s revolutionary history, explain how In Diary, who the madman was and what he represented. Also we will look at and explain what cannibalism represented. And then we will discuss how this can be applied to our lives. The Revolution of 1911 was a period of time during Chinese history which overthrew China’s last imperial dynasty, and established the Republic of China. It was made up of many fights and uprisings. What changed it all was the Wuchang Uprising on October 10, 1911, which was the result of the Railway Protection Movement. This ended with the resignation of the â€Å"Last Emperor† on February 12, 1912, which marked the end of the Imperial rule and set up the China’s Republican era. A Madman’s Diary promoted China’s education and progress similar to the style of Western civilization thorough first-person fiction that is obscenitively satirical. At the end of the piece, the madman says,† Perhaps there are still children and future generations who have not yet fully adopted Confucian values are the likely candidates for social change. The have not yet read the history books pounding in the ideas of age-old morality and piety and social cannibalism. Their parents have not yet corrupted their belief system. Save the children, and save China. The exact words from the book says that the madman: was one of two brothers: Two brothers, whose names I need not mention here, were both good friends of mine in high school; but after a separation of many years we gradually lost touch. Some time ago I happened to hear that one of them was seriously ill. pg. 131 The Longman Anthology World Literature 2nd Ed The brother that was seriously ill was considered the madman and the only illness he was suffering from was a persecution complexity issue within himself. The madman’s ideas represents the changes sought by the Revolution of 1911 which were a spirit of progress and reform at both social and personal levels; the rejection of an tyrannical traditionalism, conformity and ignorance. The madman respects writing as the source of apparent truth but is trying to gain true wisdom through the making of this novel literary. As cannibalism is metaphor for the unfeeling nature of Chinese feudalism, the madman is Lu Xun’s ideal persona. Furthermore, Lu Xun personifies his own ideals through his career choice to pursue writing in an effort to bring about the spiritual awakening that he believes the Chinese are in need of. In the end, Lu Xun effectively places himself as the â€Å"madman† and revolutionary of modern Chinese literature. This story has taught me a lot and I am glad that it was a piece of literature that we had to read. It taught me that no matter how crazy we think we are sometimes we are really the smartest ones in the bunch and it generally is just a persecution complex issue that we have with ourselves which we need to find a way to overcome.

Comparing Blue Remembered Hills with High School Musical 2

In this essay I'm going to compare two total different plays that are set in a different period of time. I'm going to compare my scripted piece called â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† written by Dennis Potter and set in the year of 1979 which I preformed for my drama exam and can be seen as a comedy and a tragedy play. The other play I'm going to compare it to is called â€Å"High School Musical 2† directed by Kenny Ortega and set in the year 2007 and can be seen as a comedy and romantic. The play â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† is about a group of seven year olds playing in the Forest of Dean during a summer afternoon called ‘Willie' , ‘Peter', ‘John', ‘Raymond', ‘Angela', ‘Audrey' and ‘Donald' whilst parts of the ‘Second World War' were happening. This play shows how victimisation and stereotypical views occur even in young children, and ends abruptly when the character of ‘Donald' is burned to death due to an outcome of the other children's actions. However, the most striking feature of this play is that though the characters were young children they were played by adult actors and actresses. The play starts and the first character we are introduced to is Willie eating an apple and pretending to be a pilot a war plane, when pretends he's parachuting from a tree. Once done after arguing over an apple, in which a way Peter acts how a hard bully should be, they gradually spot a squirrel and chase it. Meanwhile in a nearby farm we are introduced to Donald who is playing with Angela and Audrey. We notice and learn how vulnerable Donald is as she suffers some teasing from Audrey and Angela after their fantasy game of mummies and daddies. I'm going to compare this with â€Å"High School Musical 2† which is about a group of teenagers called ‘Troy', ‘Gabriella', ‘Sharpay', ‘Ryan', ‘Chad' and ‘Taylor' who attend East High Wildcats as they think about their plans over summer break from school. Sharpay and Ryan (who are brother and sister) are planning as usual to spend their summer vacation holiday at their families ‘Lava Springs Country Club'. Whilst Troy tried to get a job and gets most of the East High students employed at the country club. Only for Sharpay being the mean girl she is, trying to get the manager ‘Mr. Fulton' to fire them. Throughout the play we begin to see songs being sang from the students at East High, including ‘What Time is it', ‘Everyday' and ‘All for One' which is the last song we hear. With both plays being set from a total different time period, these plays are completely different along with the characters. Sharpay can be compared to Angela who likes to think she is in charge of everything and everyone. They both think of themselves as if they are the â€Å"top dogs† around their friends and like to control people and what says must definitely go. Although the character Gabriella is some sort of a laid back girl who is in between Troy and Sharpay, with Sharpay trying to take Troy off her and can be similar to Audrey from ‘Blue Remembered Hills ‘. But Gabriella and Sharpay are not friends and never really talk to each other unlike Audrey and Angela. ‘Blue Remembered Hills' and ‘High School Musical 2' are not alike in anyway, as their are songs being sung by the characters and there is nothing like that in ‘Blue Remembered Hills'. The times these plays were aired were very different in addition to the society. High School Musical 2†² with it being American were long out of the war and now that America is suppose to be one of the richest countries in the world, there were no great depression, everyone was wealthy and that America had everything going for itself. But as we look at ‘Blue Remembered Hills' it's a lot different. As this was set in England with children living in the English country-open-side who were evacuees from the ‘Second World War' so times were hard when living at this current time period. There were shortage of money income of jobs; children were ‘dragged' up instead of being brought up the correct way only wearing nothing but dirty and stinky rags. Also another problems was shortage of money so young children were unable to have fun with toys etc. Young children had to find environment child-friendly things to make with such as twigs for pretend guns. Although, with the amount of soldiers were getting injured from the war, healthcare at this current time was quite minimal, due to government spending the money to help the wounded and injured from the war. But in the time ‘High School Musical 2' was set, just one year ago, healthcare was fantastic for every American citizens and provided to comfort the patients life-style whilst in hospital. The story about ‘High School Musical 2' is all about a group of teenagers who go off to do summer jobs at Sharpay's & Ryan's country club and Troy forget he used to be whilst his girlfriend, Gabriella and best friend, Chad and others out of the group said he's changed and not the lad he used to be. But by the end of the play, it seems Troy has realised where is priorities are laid and becomes him old self with all the group coming together as one, with the most unexpected character, Sharpay, by Troy taking Sharpay's hand whilst doing a sound called ‘Everyday' and taking her up on stage with the rest of the East High and you could see there were a connection of love and friendship. However, there are a lot of songs used throughout the story with significant characters almost singing a song that shows their feelings and emotions. Compared to ‘Blue Remembered Hills' where that this is all about a group of kids, once again that can be compared with ‘High School Musical 2', but in this case they are older actors playing young youth children during the near-end ‘Second World War'. But by the end of the play â€Å"the killing of the squirrel from Angela and Audrey baiting of the character of Donald have just been rehearsals for a much more horrific persecution at the end of the play†. Donald Duck eventually dies. So ‘Blue Remembered Hills' compared to ‘High School Musical 2' have both finished in a completely different way. As ‘Blue Remembered Hills' never ended in the way with love and friendship and songs unlike ‘High School Musical 2'. ‘High School Musical 2†² is indeed a musical performance, in some sense it can be seen as a comedy and romantic as stated before. The characters have a tendency to lose themselves and become someone they're not. But when we look at' Blue Remembered Hills' this is very different due to the fact of the timing when the ‘Second World War' took place and the characters aren't teenagers, their children. Also ‘High School Musical 2' was originally written for Disney, but because it was such a franchise it was turned into a play, as ‘Blue Remembered Hills' was just written for television. These both plays are very diverse and dissimilar from each other.

The purpose of taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The purpose of taxation - Essay Example He purchased this business from another owner in July of that same year. The business's total market value metes between $275,000 and $330,000. A potential buyer, Margaret, was willing to purchase the business and relieve the fiscal duties from Mr. Smith's hands. Peter Smith grew anxious because he will be charged by the capital gains tax and he tries to make every effort to avoid selling the property earlier than June 30. Margaret negotiated with Smith to purchase the business with a deposit of $33,000 and finish the payment with a settlement and installments. Under the negotiations, Peter is required to provide vendor's finance to Margaret. When the final installment was paid, Peter Smith had a net gain of about $10,000 (based on its property's highest market value). Because Mr. Smith provided Margaret with vendor finance, he is liable to increase the sales price, earn interest, and may acquire an interest in Margaret. (http://www.investorwords.com/5844/vendor_financing.html) Under CGT (Capital Gains Tax) reforms of 2006, all income arising from Australian sources are subject to income tax. The sources that are taxable range from real property, company, trusts, and land. In addition, gains acquired from a sale of a company on the premises of Australian real property are also considered a source. The Federal Government of Australia passed the reforms to mitigate the Australian CGT base as it applies to non-residents who possess a concrete interest in Australian entities. The CGT reforms will expand the Australian CGT base because it concerns non-residents who dispose of interests in resident or non-resident entities who se worth is irrefutably linked to Australian real property. An unregistered resident was previously only subject to Australian CGT on gains made in respect of assets that had the necessary connection with Australia. Such assets included land and buildings located in Australia, shares in Australian companies or trusts and assets used at any time in carrying on a business through a permanent establishment in Australia. Since Mr. Smith business resides in the country, it is subject to those rules. He will have to pay a property tax on the foreclosure of the business. Under Australia's double tax agreement, Australia has the right to tax the profit on the purchase of Australian real property regardless if the person is not a resident of the country. If Peter Smith is a non-resident, he will be taxed under the precepts of Taxable Australian Property in a few categories. The federal government will tax the estate based on principles of Taxable Australian real property. It must be a CGT asset that has an indirect Australian real property interest and is not covered by a CGT asset that addresses the disregard for profit or deficit after the relinquishment of his or her citizenship of being an Australian. Another aspect is should that real estate has been used for fiscal affairs and transactions and not covered by Taxable Australian real property and indirect Australian real property interest assured on t he Income Tax Assessment Act of 1997, it will be taxed. Furthermore, the purchase of Mr. Smith's property may be considered as an "indirect real property interest." That is, a membership interest at least ten percent in a resident or -as in Mr. Smith's case- non-resident quiddity where