International Law in Justifying a Special Classification of Researcher Research Paper

International Law in Justifying a Special Classification of Researchers or Journalists as a Group Deserving Additional Protections in Conflict Zones - Research Paper Example This is because these journalists and researchers reveal some of the key information of the terrorists and the other types of criminals of the world. the area outside the conflict zone creates immense risk for the researchers along with journalist in their future actions2. 2.3 The journalists and the researchers need to have a strong obligation of protection of their lives from the hands of the terrorist groups and others. There is a need to have an additional security to those researchers and journalists who are engaged in the conflict zones. Moreover, it is advisable to the researchers and the journalists to avoid the most vulnerable conflict zones in the absence of the security forces. This would lead to the safety of the researchers and the journalists of the world3. There have been some of the evidential facts about the journalists who have been killed in some of the dangerous locations of the world. It is to be noted that around 70 journalists were killed in the year 2013. Since 1992 there are more than a thousand journalists killed throughout the world due to the lack of protection and law. Moreover, the number is increasing at a higher accelerated rate through the passage of time. The number of people killed in some of the dangerous places is more horrible. One of such dangerous place is considered to be the Middle East Countries. In this region, Syria has been the most dangerous location for the civilians. A report reveals that over 72 people had been killed in Syria in the year 1992. Most significantly, the number of people killed in 2012 was 31 and 29 for the following year 2013. In 2014, till September, the number of journalists killed in Syria was 10. Other than Syria, Turkey is also considered to be one of the riskier regions for the jo urnalists. The lack of protection from the International law was evident from the fact that over 20 journalists and researchers were killed since 1992.  Ã‚  

TRAVEL PLANS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

TRAVEL PLANS - Essay Example The agency also makes its money from coming up with plans like what is contained in this paper. History of Venice is covered extensively and reasons that make it a tourist destination of choice well documented. A day to day analysis of the two set of couples’ itinerary is provided with distinct activities that make each couple’s experience unique clearly highlighted. A justification for each activity undertaken by the two couples is equally provided to give explanation as to why the chosen activities are of value to the couples. A conclusion of the plan has been drawn and proper references cited in line with the Harvard referencing style. Introduction and purpose of the report The report covers a plan for two related by distinct couples, one that is newly wedded and the parents of the bride. The two clients of are from distinct value segment with newlyweds focusing on romance while the older couple have interest in luxury tourism. This report shows how the 7 P’s of marketing apply in both scenarios with main focus on Price, Promotion and place. Justification for location and activity choices for the two set of clients brings into focus the underlying marketing principles that must be met to achieve value addition to customers. Background General information of the couples 1st client- couple A This is a young newly married couple of between 20-30 years in age who are planning to enjoy their honeymoon in Venice, Italy, for a period of one week. They are scheduled to arrive in Venice on Thursday 30th August 2012 and shall depart on 6th September 2012 having spent one week in Venice as planned. During their stay, they seek to have romance and enjoy each other’s company as is the norm with young newlywed couples, they also desire to be taken in and around Venice and Italy at large to view the serenity and magnificent sights of the country but have to meet the wife’s parents if such need may arise, probably during meals and. They co ntemplate taking some excursions together. 2nd client- Couple B This set of second client includes are persons aged between 50-60 years and are the parents of the wife to the first client who are newly married. They, like their daughter and son-in-law are having a visit to Vince city in Italy and are scheduled to arrive on Thursday the 30th of August 2012 and depart on 6th September 2012, having spent one week of vacation. They are healthy physically and thus can undertake any physical activity on the excursion, unlike the first client, they seek to have luxury holiday while visiting the sights and beautiful places in and around Venice and Italy at large. And just like their son-in-law and daughter, they too would like at some point in their visit, to meet each other if need may be. Value segments (VALS) Value segment is fundamental to marketing and company’s profitability entirely depend on it for they inform the organization on the aspirations, thinking, self images and beh aviors of individuals. They include; basic needs, fairer deal, traditional family life, conventional family life, look at me, something better, real conservatism, young optimism, visible achievement and socially aware (Roy Morgan Research 2012, p1). Couple A In this category of clientele, considering their ages and professionalism, they are still a young couple with ambition and competitiveness in life, seeking to improve their career lives by getting better jobs and thus can travel widely to

Dramatism Theory and Kenneth Burke

Dramatism Theory and Kenneth Burke Investigation Into The Theory Of Dramatism And Kenneth Burke This report investigates the communication theory of dramatism and Kenneth Burke, to understand the basic concepts of dramatism and obtain an understanding. Kenneth Burke is the founder of the theory of dramatism, he lived until the age of 96 (1897-1993). The theory uses two terms to differentiate between movements, action is used to describe intentional action and motion describes meaningless action. The theory uses the term guilt to describe any feeling of tension within a person. Burke believed that humans communicate to purge their guilt, in a guilt redemption cycle. The theory explains identification as a consubstantiation, a portion of substance that overlaps when people communicate. A core component of dramatism is the dramatistic pentad and its elements, which can help analyse a communication event. An example of applying the pentad is included and explanation on how dramatism can be applied to day to day events, with a portion explaining how dramatism can be applied in infor mation technology. Dramatism is then evaluated by using common tests for testing interpretive communication theories. This report contains several criticisms of dramatism regarding problems in the theory and with interpretation of the theory. Introduction Purpose The purpose of this report is to investigate the communication theory of dramatism and Kenneth Burke, to gain an understanding of this theory to share with my class. The basis of the research in this report will be used for an education presentation, in an attempt to share my findings with my class. Scope The scope of this report is to investigate Kenneth Burke and his theory of dramatism, to gain a basic understanding. This included an understanding of Burkes history, the concepts of dramatism and problems with dramatism. The information researched was from books, journal articles found on databases and Internet websites with information about dramatism. Limitations This report is affected by several limitations, the biggest of which is my knowledge of rhetoric communication theories starting this research project. This is a large limitation because dramatism is based on previous work in the field of rhetorical communication, and this significantly increased the time taken to understand the theory. Time is another limitation which affected this report, as this report is written under the pressure of a deadline, reducing the amount of research that could be done. Another factor involving time that impacted this report is that while writing this report as a student, time is a valued and rare commodity. A final limitation on this report is the availability of information which is targeted at a student investigating dramatism, as a lot of the work is aimed at Burklean scholars. Research Methods Information obtained for this report is found from books, journal article from databases and Internet sites. The books were a basis for my research, as they provided a broad overview of the core theory and explanations. While the journal articles and Internet sites provided an in depth view into one or few aspects of the theory. Structure Of Report This report moves onto a literacy review which provides a brief summary, evaluation of accuracy and evaluation of validity of the information. The literacy review contains two sources from books, journal articles and internet sites related to the topic of dramatism. The findings section follows which provides a background to Kenneth Burke, an outline of theories, an application of the theory and an evaluation of the theory. From the findings a conclusion section is drawn, providing a summary of points of information points and a critique of the theory. A glossary of terms, references and bibliography is provided to assist the reader. Literature Review Theories of human Communication (7th ed.) Littlejohn, S W. (2003). Theories of human communication (7th ed.).  California: Wadsorth/Thomson Learning. Although Littlejohn does not cover Kenneth Burkes personal history, he does cover the theory of Dramatism in depth. Littlejohn describes the terms actions, motives, guilt, substance, consubstantiality and identification from Burkes work, with examples. Other fundamentals of Burkes work are explained in great detail such as symbols, no neutral words, dramatistic pentad and the five elements of the dramatistic pentad. Littlejohn also uses the example of Edward Kennedy to explain how the dramatistic pentad can be applied. Littlejohns information appears to be accurate and valid to other sources studied, he also includes a large bibliography and footnotes at the bottom of each page to reference the information. Aside from the described physical evidence found to validate accuracy, Littlejohn is a highly regarded authority in communication theories. Communication Theories Miller, K. (2001). Communication Theories. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Miller describes Burkes personal history and education before moving onto the topic of Dramatism. It is described that four aspects of Burkes thought have been particularly influential in shaping views of the social world. Aside from describing aspects of Burkes work such as motion versus action, guilt and Burke believing life is drama, Miller includes and briefly analyses Burkes poem labelled as â€Å"definition of man†, and discusses a paper written about the problem of agency. The dramatistic pentad and its five elements are clearly defined, along with action as rhetorical, identification, substance, consubstantiation and the importance of Burkes work. Miller is regarded as an authority in the field of communication theories, and used a large bibliography in this book. The information on Dramatism was consistent with other sources studied. â€Å"Identification† as a Key Term in Kenneth Burkes Rhetorical Theory Quigley, B L. (n.d.). Identification as a key term in Kenneth Burkes rhetorical theory. Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol1/iss3/burke/quigley.html Quigley explains that Burkes use of Identification is accessory to the traditional focus of persuasion, and then explains how and why. The article goes over the basic concepts of Burkes work in the field of identification and persuasion, and then moves onto different types of identification. The article covers identification as semi-conscious, through self-persuasion, though mundane/recurring and through representation with examples from Princess Dianas death. Quigley only had five references for this article, although three of them are work by Kenneth Burke. Despite a relatively small number of references, this article expands on topics that I have studied in other sources. Coming to Terms with Kenneth Burkes Pentad Clarke, J. (n.d.). Coming to terms with Kenneth Burkes pentad. Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol1/iss3/burke/rountree.html This paper starts as an introduction to Burkes work, to move onto expanding the pentad into a heuristic, as Burke discovered in his later work attitude belongs in the pentad. The paper also explains that Burke does not claim any originality for his pentad, as previous theorists had come up with the same heuristic using different terms. Clarke then explains an interpretation of the pentad in which critics should also look for grammatical and non-verbal function for motives, not just their superficial connection to a source. This paper included ideas and theories that I had not yet studied or seen before, but it included examples of how the ideas should be applied. Clarke has used a large list of references to create this document and the article can be found from Em Griffens website. With this in mind, a lot of the information I have seen in other sources and I believe the rest to be accurate and valid for reasons given. Re-visiting Kenneth Burke: Dramatism/Logology and the problem of Agency Conrad, C., Macom, E A. (1995). Re-visiting Kenneth Burke: Dramatism/Logology and the problem of agency. The Southern Communication Journal. 61(1), 11-29. The problem of agency arises in this document from human actors being defined as â€Å"choice-making animals†, the balance between voluntarism and determinism are questioned. The problem with agency described in this article is based on the problem of finding a way of accounting for human experience with recognition, and a pure determinism and pure voluntarism are unacceptable. The article describes Burkes work with this problem and a number of different interpretations of the relationship between action and motion. It is suggested that a social action theory needs to be developed which is not grounded in dualism between action and structure inevitably. This document has been extensively researched as it has a large list of references which include Kenneth Burkes work and his thoughts and the criticism received regarding this topic. This article is from The Southern Communication Journal, indicating that it should be very accurate and contain only valid information. Defending Dramatism as ontological and literal Crable, B. (2000). Defending dramatism as ontological and literal. Communication Quarterly. 48(4), This article was written to document Crables work as he reread the dispute the work of Burke to provide insight to the argument of dramatism as epistemological and metaphorical or ontological and literal. The document investigates Burkes work with an independent view to discover how Burke would have answered the question at hand. But it is concluded that Burke defends dramatism as ontology because he begins with language as action, not representation. Burkes work also argues that this starting point is literal, that it offers the most complete approach to the study of motivation. The article mostly references Burkes work as that is what is in question, and the article was published in the Communication Quarterly. Therefore the work must contain a high level of accuracy and validity. Findings Background To Theorist The theory of dramatism was developed by Kenneth Burke who lived from 1897 to 1993, to â€Å"describe what he saw going on when people opened their mouths to communicate† (Griffin, 2009, p.289). Burkes work has had a large impact on communication although Burke never graduated from college, and despite this he taught at a number of institutions of higher level education. Burke entered the field of communication in 1952 and he was introduced by Maris Hochmuth Nichols, with her contrast between old rhetoric and the new rhetoric. Burkes career included literary critic, social critic, poet, fiction author, translator, composer and social theorist. Since Burkes death at the age of 96, there is now a Kenneth Burke Society which holds conferences and tributes to Burke and his work. Outline Of Theory To understand humans and the social world, Kenneth Burke uses two terms to differentiate between intentional and unintentional movements or behaviour. These are motion used to describe behaviour which are non-purposeful or unintentional and action which is behaviour that is purposeful or intentional. Burke believed that it is the difference between action and motion that makes human distinct from other animals. Miller states â€Å"In the most basic sense, through, the move from motion to action – through the use of symbolism, and especially language – marks humans as agents rather than reactors in the social world† (p. 90). The difference between an action and a reaction from past experience has caused much controversy over the description of agency. For Burke language is always emotionally loaded and no word can be neutral, as attitudes and feelings appear in the language used. Miller (2001) states â€Å"Burke (1935) believed that the drama of life is motivated by guilt† (p. 90). Burke used the term guilt to describe a variety of negative processes such as anxiety, embarrassment, shame and disgust. He also believed that to purge our guilt we use victimage, in that we either blame ourselves as in the term mortification or blame some else as in the term scapegoating. The guilt redemption cycle is complete once the guilt has been purged through mortification or scapegoating, although it is often short lived because the social world involves guilt that will start the cycle again. Burkes work used three sources of guilt, the negative, principal of perfection and principal of hierarchy. For Burke rhetoric was not just a process of persuasion, but also a process of creating identification. For this identification Burke used the term substance, to describe characteristics or identity of a person. When two people meet their substances overlap to different extents, the amount of substance overlapping was called consubstantiation by Burke. It is through consubstantiation that identification is felt between people, and speakers will often try to gain an area of consubstantiation with their audience to form identification. Burke proposed three sources of identification, material identification, idealistic identification and formal identification. Littlejohn (2003) states â€Å"Identification is not an either/ or occurrence but a matter of degree† (p. 156). There are many different types of identification described in Burkes work, a common method of identification is common ground. Identification by common ground can be identification as semi-conscious, this identification occurs when a speaker uses symbols associated with a wealth or class. Identification through self-persuasion can be described as keeping faith despite criticisms, due to rationalising their choice in ways that strengthen identification. Identification through mundane and recurring can be caused by becoming familiar with something or someone because they are always in your life somehow. Identification through representation typically occurs when a person views another persons actions as inspiring, and this creates identification with that person they would like to be. Successful communicators often adopt strategies in order to identify with their audience, and Burke suggests in order to analyse an event the strategies must be identified. Miller states â€Å"His proposal of the dramatistic pentad (Burke, 1945, 1968) considers five aspects of social life that should be considered in order to understand how we behave, and talk about our behaviour, in the symbolic world† (p. 91). When analysing with the pentad it is important to also look for grammatical and non-verbal functions for motives as well as their analysis of words. The five elements of the dramatistic pentad are: Act – What was done Scene – The location and context of the act. Agent – The person or people that performed the act Purpose – The goal of the act Agency – Method used to perform the act From analysing a situation with the five elements of the dramatistic pentad and using Burkes pentadic ratio, it is possible to find the hidden views of a communication event. Application Of Theory Littlejohn (2003) describes David Lings work on how the Burkes pentad can be used to understand a communication event, as similar communications are seen often from politicians around the world: In 1969 Edward Kennedy, a senator from Massachusetts, was involved in an automobile accident with an aide, Mary Jo Kopechne, in which he accidentally drove a car off a bridge into a pond. Kennedy escaped, but Kopechne drowned. In a remarkable address to the public about a week later, he explained what happened and attempted to regain the support of the people. Ling writes that Kennedy wanted to achieve two things: to minimize his own responsibility for the accident and to make the people of Massachusetts responsible for whether or not he would continue in office. Kennedys appeal on the first point describes himself (agent) as helpless victim of the events leading to the death of the young woman (scene). He explains his own failure to report the accident (act) as a consequence of his confusion and injuries. Kennedys depiction makes him out to be a victim of a tragic situation. Later in his speech, Kennedy essentially offered to resign if the citizens wanted him to. Here, the scene shi fted to the public reaction to the accident, the agent became the people of Massachusetts, the act was their decision as to whether he should resign, the agency would be a statement of resignation, and the purpose would be to remove him from office. Ling believes this was a very effective speech. The reaction was overwhelmingly positive, and Kennedy continued in office. (p. 156-157) From the above example of how to apply Burkes work and the pentad to analyse an event, as the pentad can be used to analyse many communication events including political speeches. Burkes work can also be applied to just about any other communication event as well, to analyse underlying focus and views. Identification methods and substance can be seen in common events such as Michael Jacksons death, there was much criticisms when he was alive by the media, although many people still shared a feeling of identification with him. The guilt redemption cycle can be used on a daily basis to help understand different motives for communications, especially communications resulting from a negative situation or result. Initially Burkes work was developed for face-to-face communication, but it can also be applied to the IT industry. A main source of communication in the IT industry is via email or instant messaging, this can also be analysed by the Burkes work. By analysing communication strategies, language and tones used in the message sent it is possible to detect guilt, mortification or scapegoating. It is very easy to send a message of identification through hierarchy via online messaging, as the physical distance is ignored. Identification and persuasion can occur very easily through online messages and from websites, by the sender displaying a wide substance. Due to the large amount of communication methods in the information technology industry, the method of communication (scene) can hold significance in the communication strategy. This can be in the case of sending an important message as an email, signifying that the person does not particularly interested or want to see you. With the opp osite being possible as well, a person not sending an email for an unimportant reminder can indicate an excuse to start conversation. Evaluation Of Theory Dramatism is an interpretive theory about understanding why a person behaves in the way that they do, and not so much in the predication of human behaviour. Burkes theory offers a new understanding of people, behaviour and symbolic interaction. Burke applied his theory to Shakespeare, and since then has been applied to many politicians and public speakers in order to get a greater understanding of the underlying communications and texts. Burkes pentad applied to texts can provide a clarification of values, as it can identify the ideology behind the message being examined. The theory does not contain much aesthetic appeal, although it does use bibliographic terms over scientific terms which creates an aesthetic appeal. Aside from the bibliographic terms, the theory does not provide much aesthetics. Burkes work has appeared in many communication journals, and there is now a Kenneth Burke society dedicated to ensuring the understanding of dramatism and development on the kbjournal (Kenn eth Burke journal). Although there are debates over components of dramatism, the theory is widely accepted and considered to be a fundamental part of human interpretation. Aside from the Kenneth Burke society, there are now Burklean scholars which are dedicated to dramatism, so it is fair to conclude that this theory has caused a reform of society. Conclusion Summary Of Points Of Information This report has described information found about Kenneth Burke and the theory of dramatism discovered from my research. A background of Kenneth Burke was found and described before describing dramatism and its elements. To start describing dramatism, it is explained first the different between action and motion in regards to symbolism. The next topic described is guilt and the guilt redemption cycle, including explaining the concepts of mortification and scapegoating. To understand identification it is described how Burke viewed this with substance, consubstantiation and some common types of identification. Some brief definitions and descriptions are included as identification through common ground, as this is an essential part of identification. Finally the dramatistic pentad, elements of the pentad and its use are described. An example of applying dramatism to the real life incident of Edward Kennedy is included, as it is a great example of dramatism. It is then mentioned that Burkes work can be applied to many day to day events and the guilt can be seen on a day to day basis. Then it is explained how dramatism can be applied to the information technology industry, especially when information communication technology is used. The final section to findings evaluates dramatism as an interpretive theory, finding that all the standard tests for an interpretive study are successful in dramatism. Critique Of The Theory A key issue with Burkes work has been labelled the â€Å"problem of agency†, and the problem is finding a way of accounting for human reaction due to experiences and situations. It is when this is taken into consideration it becomes unclear as to if a choice was volunteered or determined, as an essential part of agency is choice. Burke was aware of this problem and spent a large portion of his career trying to construct a more accurate definition of agency, action and motion. This topic has been thoroughly analysed by many communication scholars with the suggestion that further work in developing a rhetorical theory of social action, that they start at the beginning with a view of the action-structure relationship which is not based on dualism like Burkes work. Another issue with Burkes work is the debate on whether dramatism is epistemological and metaphorical, or that dramatism is ontological and literal. This issue was first debated at the Eastern Communication Association conference, the debate failed to settle the issue. There is not as yet an answer to this issue, as Burke has stated that his work is not merely metaphorical, but is instead a literal way of speaking about the human condition. Although Burke has claimed his work is ontological and literal, there is debate that his work does not depict out this way. Burkes theory of dramatism is highly respected and a common tool in interpretive analysis of a communication event. Although many students have difficulty in coming to terms with dramatism and the way it is written, provides a difficult learning experience. The theory is built off previous work in the field of rhetoric, which also can provide learning difficulties when studying dramatism without exposure to old rhetoric. This theory is used frequently, although it is arguable whether dramatism is complete as problems still exist and debates still occur. In summary, Burkes work has changed the world of rhetoric although it may not be complete, in the sense that Burke did not finish solving problems in dramatism and debate continues. Although Burke is recognized for dramatism and all of its elements, Burke does not claim any originality for his pentad. As the same pentad is found in Aristotles and Talcon Parsons work, with the exception of different terms used to describe the same elem ents of the pentads. Glossary Of Terms Action – Purposeful and voluntary behaviours. Consubstantiation – The overlapping substance between people. Dramatism – What Kenneth Burke saw when people opened their mouths to communicate. Dramatistic – Looking at the nature of language stressing on language as action. Guilt – Term used to describe any feeling of tension within a person. Mortification – Purging guilt through self-blame. Motion – Non-purposeful and non-meaningful behaviours. Scapegoating – See victimage. Substance – Term to describe a persons physical characteristics, talents, occupation, experiences, personality, beliefs and attitudes. Victimage – The process of purging guilt through blame of another person or persons. References Griffin, E. (2009). A first look at communication theory. (7th ed.). States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies Littlejohn, S W. (2003). Theories of human communication. (7th ed.). United States of America: Wadsorth/Thomson Learning. Miller, K. (2001). Communication Theories. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies Bibliography Clarke, J. (n.d.). Coming to terms with Kenneth Burkes pentad. Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol1/iss3/burke/rountree.html Conrad, C., Macom, E A. (1995). Re-visiting Kenneth Burke: Dramatism/Logology and the problem of agency. The Southern Communication Journal. 61(1), 11-29. Crable, B. (2000). Defending dramatism as ontological and literal. Communication Quarterly. 48(4),   323-343. Griffin, E. (2009). A first look at communication theory. (7th ed.). States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies Kenneth Burke. (2009) Retrieved August 30, 2009,   from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Burke Littlejohn, S W. (2003). Theories of human communication. (7th ed.). United States of America: Wadsorth/Thomson Learning. Miller, K. (2001). Communication Theories. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies Quigley, B L. (n.d.). Identification as a key term in Kenneth Burkes rhetorical theory. Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol1/iss3/burke/quigley.html

Analysis of Much Ado About Nothing Essay -- William Shakespeare Plays

Analysis of Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing illustrates a kind of deliberately puzzling title that seems to have been popular in the late 1590s (ex "As You Like It"). Indeed, the play is about nothing; it follows the relationships of Claudio and Hero (which is constantly hampered by plots to disrupt it), and in the end, the play culminates in the two other main characters falling in love (Beatrice and Bena*censored*), which, because it was an event that was quite predictable, proves to be "much ado about nothing". The pronunciation of the word "nothing" would, in the late 16th Century, have been "noting," and so the title also apparently suggests a pun on the word, "noting," and on the use of the word "note" as an expression of music. In Act two, scene two ,Balthasar is encouraged to sing, but declines, saying, "note this before my notes; there’s not a note of mine that’s worth the noting." (53-54) However, Don Pedro retorts, "Note notes, forsooth, and nothing," playing on Balthasar’s words, and also demanding that he pay attention to his music and nothing else. In addition, much of the play is dedicated to people "noting" (or observing) the actions of others (such as the trick played on Beatrice and Bene*censored* by Leonato, Hero and Claudio); they often observe and overhear one another, and consequently make a great deal out of very little. Author The political and cultural events of the 15 century had a large influence on Shakespeare’s work. In Much Ado About Nothing, Don Pedro, Prince of Arragon, Don John, his brother, Borachio his servant, Bene*censored*, a young lord, and Claudio his best friend are all returning from war, and have been invited to stay with Leonato for a month. Shakespeare's antagonist Don John, bears much resemblance to Don John of Austria, the illegitimate son of Charles V, half-brother to the King of Aragon who defeated the Turks at Lepanto and returned to Messina after his victory in October of 1571. Don Jo hn of Austria had many of the qualities that Shakespeare's Don John did, he was not on good terms with his brother, and although he tried with much effort to gain status, he was frequently humiliated in attempts to bring himself fame. Shakespeare was known to draw parallels between his characters and actual historical figures, in an attempt to produce a sort abstract history of the times (ex... ... if he does see Hero in another man’s arms, that he will publicly shame her at their wedding tomorrow. Later that evening, Claudio witnesses the encounter between "Hero" (who is really Margret and Borachio. The day after, Claudio publicly accuses Hero in adultery and refuses to marry her. Hero is shocked so much that she faints during that scene. So, "the love from the first sight", between Claudio and Hero has been destroyed so easily; only by a scene set up by Don John. Only selfishness is seen in this speech. Claudio publicly accuses Hero in cheating on him without trying to talk to her first. And even if she did cheat on him, why would he want to hurt her so much? This aspect presents the fact that he probably loves himself, but not Hero. It’s easy then, to doubt whether the love was ever real between the two characters characters. Why did it take so little effort to influence them? Bibliography Sources Buckler, John; Hill, Bennet D.; McKay, John P.; A History of Western Society; pgs 485-562; Houghton Miffin Company; 1999 Hieatt, A. Kent; William Shakespeare; Encarta 98; 1998 Shakespeare, William; Much Ado About Nothing; Bantam Books; New York, New York; 1993

The Cold War

Book Review Assignment TITLE OF THE BOOK: â€Å"The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction† by Robert McMahon This review focuses on one of the themes of the course, Main Currents of Modern History OBJECTIVE: The aims of this book review are: 1. To understand about a conflict that spanned four and a half decades(1945-1990) and encompassed virtually the entire globe. 2. To gather the knowledge of how the world order was changed after the world wars and the transition into the cold war. . To study the rise and fall of the superpowers and the relaxation of tension among them. 4. To study about the final phases of the cold war and its impact on the world. PLAN OF STUDY The formal plan of study is stated in the timeline given below. The main focus of the review will be to understanding and assessing one of the seminal events in modern world history. The review will provide a broad interpretive overview offering a general account of the Cold war.I will be making notes for my final draf t with a regular study of the book covering all the relevant chapters in accordance with the theme of the course. I shall submit the final review by the date mentioned in the handout. The review process will be done by first reading the chapters and then joining the notes prepared for each chapter into a meaningful text thus covering the objectives of the review. DATE| TITLE| AUTHOR| PUBLICATION| th September to 17nd September| World War II and the destruction of the old order| Robert McMahon | Oxford University press| 18th September to 25th September| The origins of the Cold War in Europe| Robert McMahon | Oxford University press| 27th September to 9thOctober| A global Cold War| Robert McMahon | Oxford University press| 10th October to 16th October| The rise and fall of superpower detente| Robert McMahon | Oxford University press| 17th October to 23rd October| The final phase| Robert McMahon| Oxford University press| The last week will be dedicated to joining all the notes prepared into a complete review of the book.

The Most Effective President

Who is the most effective president since 1950?   An effective president has good foreign relations and helps the country through aid, social programs, and more. An effective president also cares for his people.   Lyndon B. Johnson fits these criteria.   He is the most effective president of the last 50 years or so. Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908 in Texas.   He experienced some poverty, as he lived in a rural area, and he had to fight to pay his way through college.   However, he managed to get a degree from the Southwest Texas State Teachers’ College.   In 1934, he married Claudia â€Å"Lady Bird† Taylor. The first office Johnson held was as a Representative in the House, where he was for Roosevelt’s New Deal.   He spent a total of six terms as a Representative, and during this time also served in the military during World War II, winning a silver star for his services as a lieutenant.   After this, Johnson was elected to the Senate in 1948.   In 1953, he began the Senate minority leader, the youngest man to ever hold the position.   In this position, he supported and passed many Eisenhower initiatives, which was unusual since they were not the major party at the time. Johnson’s presidential campaign began when he was Kennedy’s running mate and then vice president from 1960 – 1963.   After Kennedy’s assassination, he was sworn in as the president.   His first moves were to pass a civil rights bill and a tax cut, which had been a part of Kennedy’s plans prior to his death.   Johnson was sensitive to civil rights because he had worked with Mexican children during his adolescence in Texas. Johnson was also a great speaker, and he urged the nation to ‘build a great society.’   He won the election of 1964 with the highest margin ever, over 15 million votes.   In his first full term as president, Johnson began to do many public works. These are the works that made him a truly great president, and they include â€Å"aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, a wide-scale fight against poverty, control and prevention of crime and delinquency, [and] removal of obstacles to the right to vote.†Ã‚   These were important steps in fighting the problems of the country, including racism, poverty, and more.   Johnson also helped the elderly through the 1965 Medicare amendment to the Social Security Act. Besides working to help those in the country who could not help themselves, Johnson also aided the space program, which successfully put men into space, men who orbited the moon, in 1968.   Besides just going to space, the space program also came up with many useful inventions that are now common in the homes of all Americans; Johnson funded this research. There were only two bad things that happened during Johnson’s presidency: blacks rioting in the ghettos over discrimination, and the increasing threats from Communists in Vietnam and elsewhere.   Johnson did his best to try to put down the riots and have peace talks with the Communists.  Ã‚   In fact, peace talks were still happening when Johnson left the White House and died shortly after. Johnson was president until 1968, and afterwards he returned to his home in Johnson, Texas.   He died there in 1973 of a sudden heart attack. The least effective president of the last 50 years, in contrast to Johnson, was Carter.   His efforts to create jobs and reduce inflation were met with some failure, as the economy took a downturn and interest rates and inflation remained extremely high.   Carter also spent a lot of time worrying about the environment and foreign affairs, and not a lot of time working to reduce poverty or racial discrimination. Johnson was a great man.   He worked to fix all of the problems in the country, including racial issues, which were huge at that time.   Desegregation had been ordered but was not being carried out; Johnson sought to fix that.   He also made available help to those who were impoverished, giving them a new chance to succeed in life, and improving the health of the country in general.   Johnson was the most effective president of the last 50 years. Bibliography â€Å"Lyndon B. Johnson.†Ã‚   The White House Biographies.   Accessed December 12, 2006.

How Plants Grow essays

How Plants Grow essays Photosynthesis is the process plants use to make their own food. In order for a plant to grow, it needs several things. It required Water, sunlight and nutrients. The nutrients plants need for a good Health are typically divided into three groups; macronutrients, secondary nutrients, and micronutrients. The chief plant nutrients are, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The three major nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, And potassium. These are the elements that must most often be added to garden soil if plants are to grow healthy. Nitrogen is required in large quantities for the synthesis of proteins, chlorophyll, and enzymes. The more rapidly and actively a plant is growing, the more nitrogen it needs. Good soil is also very important. It has many vitamins and minerals that make a plant grow faster. Soil is good for plants. It makes the leaves greener and the plant better. It contains sand, small rocks, air, water and earthworms. Fertilizer is also a good source for plants. It makes a plant grow faster, be greener and be a lot healthier. Its very similar to soil but not exactly the same. The difference is the thing its made of and that soil has more things added. Regardless of what type of fertilizer you buy, it will come with information about the nutrients it contains. Prominently featured will be the N-P-K ratio, the percentage the product contains by volume of nitrogen (chemical symbol N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). A 16-16-16 fertilizer, for example, contains 16% nitrogen, 16% phosphorus, Water is very important to a plant. It has minerals and it makes the plant grow. Water helps keep the plant healthy and ...

Australia and World War 2 essays

Australia and World War 2 essays Before World War Two, Australia had a strong relationship with Britain and a satisfactory relationship with America but during World War 2 both relationships changed considerably. Britain being a mother country to Australia, Australia had always looked toward Britain for knowledge and advice, so when Britain declared war upon Germany Australia was sure to follow. In Robert Menziess war speech, he proudly acknowledged that he believed that Britain was righteous and that they are supported by the unconquerable spirit of man himself and that the rights of independent people to live their own lives, honest dealing, peaceful settlement of differences and honouring of international obligations were all at stake. Australian troops were sent to Africa to train almost immediately, for 8 months Australian troops had not encountered any battles but Australia had done little to improve their situations for they believed in Britain and what she told them to do. Eventually Britain called upon Australia to defend and to drive back the opposing forces. Australias relationship with Britain was still strong. The first major change between Britain and Australias relationship took place in 1942. Japan with its intentions to expand and the majority of the worlds power occupied in the European war began its campaign, expanding south into the pacific Japan encountered the naval base of Singapore because the base of Singapore was under Britains control, Australia did not fear the Japanese and felt that it was sufficient enough not to recall its troops to defend Singapore, instead Singapore was supported by the remainder of the Australian troops. With the Australian supporting the British who were defending Singapore, Australians believed Singapore was invincible, so when Singapore fell to the Japanese; Australians awakened to a rude shock; Britain was not a strong as Australian believed to be. The realiza ...

How to Actually Use Your ACT Math Formulas

How to Actually Use Your ACT Math Formulas SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips About 33% of the ACT math section requires you to know and use at least one math formula. This means that remembering your formulas and understanding how to utilize them is of paramount importance. We’ve put together all the ACT formulas you’ll need to know (prioritized in the order from greatest to least that you’ll see them on the test) as well as how to best use them for test-day. What Formulas Will You Need on the ACT? You will NOT be given any formulas on the ACT, so all of your formula knowledge will have to come from your own head. You will need to know and use a wide range of formulas, including algebraic, geometric, and trigonometric formulas, all of which are laid out in our guide to the 31 formulas you MUST know for the ACT. You’ll notice that we have prioritized them according to â€Å"need to know† and â€Å"good to know.† This is due to the fact that many ACT questions can be solved long-hand or via more common formulas, rather than forcing you to memorize the more obscure formulas. For instance, you can solve your sequence questions by either using the formula or by calculating your values long-hand. Though solving the question long-hand will take longer, it is still entirely possible to solve each and every ACT sequence question without the use of a formula. Thus we have classified sequence formulas as â€Å"good to know,† not â€Å"necessary to know.† If you feel rusty on any formula or math topic on the list, check out one of our individual math topic guides to see how the formula works (and even why it works), as well as how to recognize when to use it. We’ll also show you the alternatives to using formulas for many questions, including distance questions, sequence questions, and many more. There are many different "right" paths to solve questions in the ACT math section. How to Use Your Formulas Effectively So now that you know what your formulas are, how do you best go about using them? Let’s take a look. 1. Prioritize memorizing your most crucial formulas You will have to memorize every formula you’ll use on the ACT, but it’s best to go about this in a systematic and logical way. Spend most of your time and energy memorizing and practicing the most important (common) formulas and less time on the ones that show up rarely, if at all. Some formulas come up over and over again, while others show up sparingly at best. If you are pressed for time, nervous about memorizing so many formulas, or simply trying to map out your plan of attack, memorize your formulas in the order that they appear most often on the test. Of your â€Å"necessary† formulas, they appear on the test from greatest prevalence to least in roughly this order: Law: the sum of the interior degrees of a triangle is 180 Area of a triangle Law: the sum of the degrees of a straight line is 180 Area of a rectangle (or other quadrilateral) Pythagorean Theorem Finding slope of a given line (rise/run) Finding slope of line connecting two points Finding percentages Law: the number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360 Area of a circle Circumference of a circle Finding averages Sine, cosine, tangent (SOH, CAH, TOA) Area of a circle’s arc Circumference of a circle’s arc Finding probabilities Finding combinations Finding the midpoint of a line Volume of rectangular solid Volume of cylinder Area of a trapezoid Equation of a circle Rearranging logarithms Cosecant, Secant, Cotangent Of the â€Å"good to know† or â€Å"shortcut† formulas, you will need them roughly in this order: Special right triangle properties, 30-60-90 Special right triangle properties, 45-45-90 Arithmetic sequences Geometric sequences Distance formula $sin^2ÃŽËœ + cos^2ÃŽËœ = 1$ ${sinÃŽËœ}/{cosÃŽËœ} = tanÃŽËœ$ 2. Choose NOW which (if any) of your â€Å"good to know† formulas you want to memorize Remembering a formula incorrectly is worse than not remembering the formula at all, so make sure you know your limits when it comes to memorization. For some people, memorizing and using formulas is the easiest way to go. For others, the fewer formulas the better (even if it means taking another step or two to solve a math problem). There is no right answer in terms of how many formulas you memorize, only what is most comfortable for you personally. And when it comes to memorizing your formulas, different people do better with different memory techniques. If you're a visual learner, make yourself a set of formula flash cards. If you're a kinesthetic (movement) learner, practice drawing and/or writing them out on a separate piece of paper. And if you're an auditory learner, get a parent or a friend to help you drill your formulas aloud. Once you feel you've got your formulas down, practice using them on actual problems to help you both remember them and learn how to use a particular formula for a particular problem. (We'll give you the opportunity to practice using your formulas on real ACT math questions in the next section.) 3. Practice ACT math questions at home without looking up your formulas The only way you’re going to be able to remember your formulas for crunch time (and know which formulas to actually use for the individual problem) is to practice on real ACT math questions without the safety net. Once you feel that you’ve got your formulas nailed down tight, practice solving ACT math problems without looking up your formulas. We have a list of all the free ACT math practice you can find online (coming soon!) and you will be able to use any and all of these problems to not only test your formula knowledge, but also your math topic knowledge. Once you’ve gone through your practice problems without the benefit of being able to look up your formulas, you will be able to pinpoint your formula strengths and weaknesses. Did you repeatedly forget the Pythagorean Theorem? How about your trigonometry formulas? It’s better to understand where to shift your focus now than being blindsided on the day of the test. Divide your time between rote memorization and practice problems without the use of formulas, and you’ll be able to solidify the knowledge in your head most effectively. 4. When you reach the math section, immediately write down your formulas If you’re anxious about forgetting your formulas halfway through the test, or if you simply like the idea of a fallback option, it’s always a good idea to write down your formulas at the very beginning of your math test. Once you have them written down, you can concentrate on solving your problems without fear of remembering your formulas wrong or forgetting them entirely. So once you open up your math section, write down all your memorized math formulas and take a deep breath. Now you can move on and use them as a reference for the rest of your math section. 5. Don’t freak out if you forget a formula Most of all, don’t panic if you forget a formula (or three)! Most every ACT problem can be solved in a multitude of ways, including by means of plugging in answersor plugging in your own numbers. And if worst comes to worse, and you cannot solve a problem without a formula, you will still likely be able to eliminate at least one or two answer options. Rememberyou are not penalized for guessing on the ACT, so always take your chances. And if you can narrow down your options, even better! Let's look at an example of how to narrow down your answer choices if you forget a formula. For a question like this, you do not have to understand how trapezoids work or remember any triangle formulas in order to eliminate at least three answer choices. We are being asked to find the distance between our two parallel sides, so draw a straight, perpendicular line between them. This makes a right triangle. Again, without knowing your formulas, you can just take a stab in the dark and estimate how long the side is. Rememberall figures on the ACT are to scale unless noted otherwise, and this line looks about the same length (maybe more, maybe less) as 5 foot leg we are given. Without knowing any more information, we can eliminate answer choices D and E. Now maybe you stop here and pick between answer choices A, B, and C. This would give you a 33% chance of guessing the right answer, which isn't too bad at all. But if we go further, you may remember that the side opposite the right angle is the longest side of the triangle, which means that the distance between our parallel lines must be less than 5. We can therefore eliminate answer choice C as well. So we had a 1 in 3 chance of getting the right answer without any formula knowledge at all and now we have a 1 in 2 chance just by knowing a little bit about how right triangles work. And even now, we can make an educated (rather than a random) guess between our two remaining answer choices. Again, all figures on the ACT are to scale unless noted otherwise and, at a glance, the distance between our parallel bases looks to be longer than the third leg of the triangle. Maybe it is, maybe it isn't, but we have a 50% chance and answer choice B looks to be the best bet between the two. Without using formulas, we can reach a conclusion that the answer is probably B. [Note: just so you know, B is totally the right answer. Go you!] Now it's time to put your formula knowledge to work! ACT Math Practice Using Formulas Now that you’ve seen how to best use your ACT formulas, let’s look at a few real ACT math questions that are formula-necessary. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Answers: D, F, J, J, B Answer Explanations: 1. Because the dog can run on the leash 9 feet in any direction, this means that 9 feet is the radius of the circle in which the dog can run. Now we are asked to find the area of this circle. If we remember our circle formulas, we know that we find the area by using the formula: $a =Ï€r^2$ $a =Ï€9^2$ $a = 81Ï€$ $Ï€$ is approximately 3.14 (which we are given), so: $81(3.14)$ $254.34$ The closest answer to this value is answer D, 254. Our final answer is D, 254. 2. If we remember our trig formulas, we know our mnemonic SOH, CAH, TOA. The tangent of an angle is thus the opposite/adjacent. In this case, we are looking for the tangent of angle B. The adjacent side is the side that touches the angle that is NOT the hypotenuse. In this case, the adjacent side for angle B is 2, which means it is our denominator. This means we can eliminate answer choices H, J, and K. If we use the Pythagorean Theorem, we can find our missing side measure. $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ $a^2 + 2^2 = 5^2$ $a^2 + 4 = 25$ $a^2 = 21$ $a =√21$ Our opposite side will be $√21$ and we have already established that our adjacent side is 2. Our final answer is F, $√21/2$ 3. We can solve this problem in one of two waysby using the more common triangle formulas, or by using a more obscure one. If we use the common triangle formulas, we know that the interior angles of a triangle will always add up to 180 degrees. This means we can find the missing angle measure by subtracting all of our known angles from 180. $180 - 72 - 57 = 51$ Now, we also know that every straight line is 180 degrees as well. We can therefore find the exterior angles by subtracting each of our given angles from 180. $y = 180 - 72$ $y = 108$ $x = 180 - 57$ $x = 123$ $z = 180 - 51$ $z = 129$ Now we can find the sum of $y$, $x,$ and $z$. $108 + 123 + 129 = 360$ Our final answer is J, 360. Alternatively, we can use our more obscure triangle, which is that every exterior angle is the sum of the two opposite interior angles. For instance, $z = 72 + 57$ $z = 129$ From here, we can solve the problem the same way we did above. $x = 72 + 51$ $x = 123$ $y = 51 + 57$ $y = 108$ $x + y + z = 129 + 123 + 108$ $= 360$ Either way, our final answer is J, 360. 4. If we remember our slope formulas, we know that the equation of a line is: $y = mx + b$ $m$ represents the slope of the line, and the bigger the $m$, the larger the slope. In our first given equation, $a$ stands in place of our $m$ and our slope. In our second equation, $c$ stands in place of $m$ and our slope. So if the slope of our first equation is larger than the slope of our second equation, then $a$ must be larger than $c$. Our final answer is J, $a c$. 5. Now our shape in the middle is a square, which means all of the sides are equal. The two sides of the square that make up part of the perimeter are $8 + 8 = 16$. Now we just need to find the part of the perimeter made up by the two half circles. If we put them together, we can one full circle circumference. We know that the circumference of a circle is: $c = Ï€d$ The dimeter of our circle is 8, so our full circumference will be $8Ï€$ Now let's put our two values together: $16 + 8Ï€$ Our final answer is B, $16 + 8 Ï€$ Whoo! You did it! Image: Sean MacEntee/Flickr The Take-Aways Knowing (and knowing how to utilize) your formulas is one of the foundational elements of doing well on the ACT math section, but it is still only one part. Though formulas are used in some capacity or another on approximately 33% of ACT math test, that still leaves 66% of your questions that do NOT require formulas at all. So do take care to understand (and memorize!) your most important formulas, but don’t think that's all you need to do to succeed on the ACT math section. You still must understand the ins and outs of all of the ACT math topicsthat you will see on the ACT, so don't neglect the rest of your ACT math study. A balanced study plan, a knowledge of your formulas, and a more-than-passing familiarity with all your ACT math topics will help get your math score to where you want it to be. What’s Next? Want to brush up on a particular ACT math topic? Check out our individual math topic guides for all your ACT math needs. Running out of time on the ACT math section? We'll show you how to beat the clock and maximize your score before time runs out. Been procrastinating on your ACT math study? Our guide will help you balance out your study time and beat back the urge to procrastinate. Aiming for a perfect score? Check out our guide to getting a 36 on the ACT math section, written by a perfect-scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Is global warming due to human actions Can the human race take action Research Paper

Is global warming due to human actions Can the human race take action to stop global warming - Research Paper Example From uncontrolled cutting of the trees and exaggerated burning of fossil fuels to release of poisonous gases in the atmosphere as a result of the industrial revolution, variations in climate extremes to shrinking extent of Arctic sea ice and rising sea levels, the issue of global warming has explicitly marred many potential positive aspects of life. This paper is primarily based on contemplating the ins and outs of the grave issue of global warming and its effects on a sustainable world. The discussion about if or if not there is any role played by humanity in increasing the incidence of global warming is also presented, while the existential possibility of any ways in which humans can or cannot acquire control over the grave consequences produced by this greatest environmental rival of all times also forms a part of the argument. Facts and discussion presented in this paper are meant to illuminate the reality of the claim that â€Å"with the agricultural and industrial revolution, land-use change, and an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, the issue of global warming has regardless strengthened and acts like recycling, energy conservation, and tree plantation can help reduce this.† Beginning with discussing the definite impact created by global warming on the Earth both environmentally and geographically, it is worth mentioning that while the industrial revolution has helped the humanity by providing employment opportunities, it has also impacted the world environment in a highly deplorable way. Less reliance on energy consumption and increased burning of fossil fuels with industrial emissions which increases the CO2 gas concentration in the atmosphere have directly played a massive role in increasing the Earth’s temperature. The rate with which the human population has been increasing so tremendously over the past many years also adds to the severity of the issue of global warming because with an extraordinarily large hu man population, there seems to be no apparent end to the ongoing use of land, energy, and fossils, thus environmental scientists tend to be at loss of designing any useful strategy for acquiring a long-lasting control over this dramatic and urgent environmental emergency. Research studies mention that since the beginning of the industrial revolution, massive amounts of nitric oxide and carbon dioxide gas have been released in the atmosphere continuously due to which the global temperature is also on a constant rise with the result that the issue of global warming has unequivocally succeeded in influencing the Earth both environmentally and geographically in a way that no one can remain oblivious to it. Over the past many years, the extent of Arctic sea ice has been declining and reportedly, millions of square kilometers of sea ice have been lost due to increasing temperatures. Such disrupted Arctic climate patterns have led to increased wastage of the sun’s energy which norma lly has to be recycled back towards space, but with the ice melting at an unprecedented pace in the Northern Hemisphere, the ocean waters absorb most of the sun’s energy and this explains why the global average sea levels are increasing. Now, the rising sea levels is seen as one of the worst consequences of global warming brought on by rapidly melting ice caps which has led a large number of people to move away from the coastal areas and settle down somewhere else. The increase noted in the evapotranspiration rates due to the constant rise in global warming is

Example of science being used in your World Assignment

Example of science being used in your World - Assignment Example Surprisingly, he was suspected to have involved himself in doping, a scientific contraption meant to enhance performance. It is from this situation that science can be used to lessen the quantity of athletes practicing this illegal act in sporting. There are procedures to be followed by all sports officials before the commencement of any competition. The idea is to perform a quick drug testing test ethic, which will detect any strange substance hiding in the blood. The science of doping detection is advancing, and this technology can be used to catch athletes involved in such immoralities to emerge victorious, for example, Floyd. Another proficiency that can be used is introducing a benchmark to stop those athletes whose drugs are already settled in the body. This will detect the amount of occurring chemicals that should be in the blood. Repeating testing for doping makes the drugs resistance to the chemical, hence the substance should be upgraded after sometime (Bell). Therefore, modern science can be used to assess the amount of chemical level in the blood and can help lessen instances of unprofessio nalism in sporting

Mathematical Model Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mathematical Model - Research Paper Example Introduction A model is a representation or an abstraction of a real or abstract system or a process. Thus, mathematical modeling is the process of representing real or abstract phenomenon using mathematical tools, which includes mathematical notations, formulas, relations, and symbols. Models are necessary since they enable scientists define a problems, understand data, organize thoughts/ideas, make predictions and communicate with the world (Bender, 2000, p. 23). Most real problems or phenomenons are complex and, therefore mathematical models enable us to capture certain key aspects of the phenomenon. Usually, it is impossible or unnecessary to represent some facts about a phenomenon since they are either too complex or unnecessary. Models can take many forms, including statistical models, dynamical systems, or game theoretic models, differential equations (Korotayev, Malkov & Khaltourina, 2006). Other forms of mathematical models use logic and they are mainly applied in humanities and philosophy. Although models represents real phenomenon they do not necessarily agree related experimental measurement. This has been a basis for advanced theories to define the related phenomenon. The role that mathematical models Figure 1 Brief History There are two basic types of mathematical models namely deterministic and empirical models. ... Through these models, scientists were able to explain basic physical properties such as motion. Newton’s models have been fundamental in Newtonian mechanics, which is still a fundamental aspect of modern mathematical physics. Initial models were deterministic and, they enabled scientist to write explicit mathematical formulas connecting two or more variables. Some of the well-known Newtonian models include The models occur naturally for a point mass m moving in space. such models could not be applied on multivariate problems. This necessitated the development of empirical models that are based on experimental observations. Key Developments Key developments in mathematical modeling include application of computer software to solve numerical equations resulting from mathematical models. Other developments involve the application of abstract theories in the development of models. Early models relied on experimental theories that resulted in deterministic models. However, advances in the field have proved that other branches of mathematics such as topology, algebra, and analysis are of equal significance in formulating mathematical models. Indeed, mathematicians are exploring the possibility of abstract approach in formulating models. Mathematical Content Fundamental theory in mathematical model is dependent on outcomes of natural laws and phenomenon. For instance, models of population studies have to incorporate basic theories on the subject. For example, the models have to account for population growth rate, implication of diminishing resources, carrying capacities of the environment, predation, death, and decay. Consequently, modelers have to have concrete knowledge in formulating natural problems using mathematical

Mass media and communication in International Management Essay

Mass media and communication in International Management - Essay Example Some amount of imagery is associated in a language and communication and complex thoughts are communicated. According to Whorf (2011), language tends to create real and imaginary plurals and conjures up mental patterns. When an image is created or presented, some associations tend to form in the mind and create patterns of objectification. Kramsch (1998) argues that language is the main method where social lives and relations are carried out. It is used for different communication contexts and people express facts, events, ideas that are communicated through words and images. These reflect the culture, attitude and beliefs of the authors and hence language is used to express cultural reality. Therefore, language is a system of signs with a cultural value that is symbolised by social appropriateness norms and social conventions. Language, culture and social norms help people to identify themselves as members of a social group where common ways of viewing the world are acquired. In lig ht of analysing the Ad by Jamie Oliver, these associations become relevant since he is attempting to use the language of cooking to sell products to people. According to Agar (1994), words can have words have multiple meanings and these are connotative or denotative. Denotation refers to the explicit meaning and translation of the word as mentioned in a dictionary.3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ADPlease refer to figure 1.1, where the celebrity cook Jamie Oliver is showing adding vegetables and cooking a dish of chicken. Prominent in the Ad is the ad copy with the words 'Chicken. Jamie Style' and these words are expected to have multiple implications for the audience. He is shown adding leafy vegetables to a large platter containing potatoes and chicken. Another similar dish filled with chicken pieces and potatoes is placed on the right side. In the background, a cupboard is shown and the top is filled with leafy vegetables, potatoes and

OLD DOMINION TRAIL BIKES CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

OLD DOMINION TRAIL BIKES - Case Study Example All these information will propel Ted’s business further to the ladder of success. Ted’s business is involved leasing of bikes, ordering of new bikes from the supplier, keeping sales records and many other business activities. Technology for instance computerization of leasing process so that it can be done only can effectively impact positively on the business. The use of e-commerce in has revolutionized businesses around the world. Ted’s business can integrate an online shopping cat on their website so that customers are able to purchase their products irrespective of their geographical location. This will greatly increase the number of sales. Supply chain management (SCM) will enable Old Dominion Trail Bikes to smoothly carryout the entire operations of its interconnected sections of the business. It will enable Ted as the owner of the business plan, implement and carry out effective monitoring and evaluation of the performance of Old Dominion Trail Bikes. If Old Dominion Trail Bikes uses an effective CRM, it will be able to provide maximum support to their client while collecting relevant information about their tastes and preferences. As a result, the business will experience increase in sales. Before the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning, Ted will have to look at the resource his business has and the quality control of the plan. As such, Ted will have to plan for his business before taking any

The Development of the American Public School Essay

The Development of the American Public School - Essay Example During early colonial years several laws were passed in favor of making education more common in society. The Massachusetts Education Law of 1647 was amongst those laws passed, requiring towns of fifty families to hire a schoolmaster who would teach their children to read and write (History, 2004). Additionally, towns of a hundred families were required to have a grammar schoolmaster, which created consistency in quality of education (History, 2004). It was at this point in our nation's educational history that formal schooling as we know it became more valuable, as well as desirable. Author Robin Cook stated, "Education is more than a luxury; it is a responsibility that society owes to itself" (Inspirational, 2003). Education became more of a social responsibility and educators were formally hired for the sole purpose of teaching the youth of a budding nation. Perhaps even more surprising, considering previous practice, is that they were paid to do so, either by the government or in dividual families (History, 2004). Formal schooling was becoming more of a personal responsibility and a priority taken seriously (History, 2004). The years following the new legislative direction, some families sent their children to "Dame" Schools, which were set up in the homes of women in the community. Dame schools were widely popular for those who were unable to send their children to the one room schoolhouses. These women had both the time and inclination to teach students of all ages and levels and worked in exchange for a meager allowance, such as food, miniscule stipends, or practical supplies (History, 2004). Also, traveling Schoolmasters traversed across states to various towns to educate the children in an effort to contribute to the dream of social harmony via knowledge and literacy. Usually, families of the community would take turns housing and feeding their schoolmaster for the duration of his stay. During the late 1700s and early 1800s, Thomas Jefferson's influence on American public education was astronomical. Though Jefferson is well known for the Declaration of Independence and his presidency, he also played a very large role in laying the ground work for the Public Schools system that we are fortunate to have today (Conant, 1962). According to Jefferson, "If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and will never be" (Inspirational, 2003). In the late 1770s Jefferson served in the House of Delegates as part of the General Assembly of Virginia (History, 2004). While in the Assembly, he introduced a bill that would create a free system of tax-supported elementary education for all except slaves (History, 2004). He proposed the idea of free public education to take place over a period of at least 3 years for every white child. If parents wished to continue their child's education beyond 3 years time, they could then begin paying for it themselves (Conant, 1962). In September of 1817 Jefferson proposed the "Act for Establishing Elementary Schools". His plan was to have schools which were locally controlled and supported largely by local taxes. In a speech he gave Jefferson explained: At

OLD DOMINION TRAIL BIKES CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

OLD DOMINION TRAIL BIKES - Case Study Example All these information will propel Ted’s business further to the ladder of success. Ted’s business is involved leasing of bikes, ordering of new bikes from the supplier, keeping sales records and many other business activities. Technology for instance computerization of leasing process so that it can be done only can effectively impact positively on the business. The use of e-commerce in has revolutionized businesses around the world. Ted’s business can integrate an online shopping cat on their website so that customers are able to purchase their products irrespective of their geographical location. This will greatly increase the number of sales. Supply chain management (SCM) will enable Old Dominion Trail Bikes to smoothly carryout the entire operations of its interconnected sections of the business. It will enable Ted as the owner of the business plan, implement and carry out effective monitoring and evaluation of the performance of Old Dominion Trail Bikes. If Old Dominion Trail Bikes uses an effective CRM, it will be able to provide maximum support to their client while collecting relevant information about their tastes and preferences. As a result, the business will experience increase in sales. Before the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning, Ted will have to look at the resource his business has and the quality control of the plan. As such, Ted will have to plan for his business before taking any

Criminal Investigation Project Essay Example for Free

Criminal Investigation Project Essay In this generation, all human being have to work to earn for living. However it is not possible for us to be able to do any kind of work. That is why work been divided into physical work and intellectual limitation. An individual’s personality can be exposed through the job that he or she is engaged with. This enables the particular person to improve his/her level of maturation, skills and talents. The most reason that lead psychologist, sociologist, anthropologists, economists is because of the company want a result of earning obtain with giving special attention to human factor, if people are at low level in terms of work value for example lack of skills, knowledge, personality, professional, experience, motivation, everything is useless. First terms of general psychology, and where warranted by special mention is â€Å"occupational psychology†. They prefer to use term â€Å"occupational psychology† because it seems more comprehensive and it include â€Å"occupational psychology† and â€Å"organizational and management psychology†. General psychology about the human personality Generally when dealing with human personalities issue, the presentation will full with sides, component, and aspect. There is no doubt with usefulness of every piece presentation of this psychological reality. Important things they should not lose sight of the whole structure. In reality personality component interact with each other, related with each other, giving birth to structure that already specific by architecture. To actual existence of individual with the matters not the presence or absence of one of these sides, not the degree of development but its own way as it is structure. That is why psychology should focus on personality, structure that lead to a psycho-behavioural level, and lead to many effects. Personality which mediates perception and acceptance of external influence, it integrates them into levers. Its leaves mark on psychology phenomena on any reaction, even on human face. Only man has personality and as it arises and develops it produces the following effect: * Stabilize conduct * Unitary direction * Provides consensus though and fact, project and realizations * Adapts them to the present, but also on future * Exploits all opportunities and human capabilities * Makes deep involvement in dealing with people, tending to its creative transformation Personality is not present at birth. It is formed from the age of three and it is also based on environment around them, it is also not simply a psychological aspect of human life, but totality of diverse and numerous components. Therefore, one personality with full knowledge is not easy and also not good for mentality. Although comprising large number of components, personality is not simply their sum, but whole is based on human behaviour, should direct and lead them in relation to the environment. Features of personality as a whole is common to all, the organization of elements, is the level of development from person to person, personality is unique and original in each of human being that is why everyone have different personality. Personality is strongly determined and conditioned by man’s social existence. Socio cultural framework does not appear with all personality and self-organization. Personality is being influence by micro-environment, so if the micro-environment is good then the personality will be good and if not will be otherwise. All kind of personality traits are related with each other, it is very strong and its form, the fact, the structure. It develops over time and differs from one person to another person based on: * Level of development its component * Level of integration of element in whole personality * Stability of the structure of personality Personality operates like system 24 hours every day even in sleeping, its alive and dynamic. There are close relation and been organized in hierarchy, relation between them is substantial-energetic, functional, direct and reverse information. Activity is important of existence of man and his psychic, the one that lead to sedimentation and mental crystallization, emerge of relatively changes of structure. In analogy to the resolute-productive mechanisms of the transformative-constructive finalities and activities, in the structure of personality the resolute-productive subsystem is developing. Subsystem might be placed on edge of instrumental subsystem. Analogy constructed personality structure with human activity seems to be the most suitable for organizational and management psychology. Approach perspectives to personality In practical analysis and interpretation of reality, it may be a physical, human or social, the great importance is the theoretical concept of where it starts, and human personality study is more complex and dynamic. â€Å"Treaties of the psychology of personality settle to stock, to present a descriptive manner, theoretical models, sometimes associated methods and, rarely, to propose explanatory models, integrationist, combination of models, theories, schools or methods† (by Anita, 2000, pg18). * Golu .M (1993) identifies four main orientations in the study of personality: * Biologist orientation * Experimentalist orientation * Psychometric orientation * Sociocultural and anthropological orientation * Zlate M. (1997) conducted a survey of the main insights of the personality approach and systematized them into four board categories: * Atomistic perspective * Structural perspective * Systematic perspective * Psychosocial perspective FIRST PAGE Conducting Successful Interrogations By David Vessel, J. D.,FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Oct. 1998. Obtaining information that an individual does not want to provide constitutes the sole purpose of an interrogation. A successful interrogation results in a guilty or involved criminal suspects making a confession or admitting participation in an illegal activity. However, interrogators frequently do not acquire information critical to successful case resolution. Often, guilty suspects leave the interrogation environment without making the smallest admission. Many experienced officers leave an interview or interrogation knowingly outwitted by the suspects. When these situations occur, criminals go unpunished and remain free to strike again, causing the entire community to suffer. Interrogations can fail for any number of reasons. Some reasons are foreseeable; some are not. However, interrogators can increase their success rates by eliminating or minimizing identifiable causes of failure. Once investigators have identified these factors, they can consider and act upon them to increase the probability of successful interrogations. These major components include preparing for the interrogation, distinguishing between interrogations and interviews, developing persuasive themes and arguments, establishing a set plan, building a good relationship with the interrogation subject, allowing enough time for the interrogation, acquiring adequate interrogation training, and understanding that some interrogations will fail regardless of any amount of effort employed. While not all-inclusive, these factors prove vital to successful interrogations. LAST PAGE CONCLUSION Interrogations fail for any number of reasons. Addressing and eliminating the interrelated, identifiable causes can prevent most failures. Preparing adequately, understanding the interrogation process, and appreciating the subjects needs and values remain paramount in achieving successful interrogations. Additionally, sufficient training and ample experience in conducting interrogations provide specific assistance to investigators involved in the process. Establishing a well-developed plan and allowing sufficient time for the interrogation to evolve also prove important factors in ensuring successful interrogations. All of these elements need constant attention for investigators to acquire the information critical to successfully resolve their cases. Properly addressing these factors greatly contributes to increasing the number of confessions obtained from guilty or involved suspects and to reducing the number of times officers are duped by these individuals. While interrogation failures impact all aspects of the criminal justice system, the investigators conducting these inquiries remain the most critical factor in reducing these failures. With adequate training, increased awareness, and established plans officers can become successful interrogators and effectively reduce the number of unsolved crimes that plague not only the law enforcement community but also the general, law-abiding population. SUMMARY CONDUCTING SUCCESSFUL INTERROGATIONS Interviewing is one form of communication that is used extensively by the law enforcement. Whether used to screen applicants, to elicit information from a witness to a crime, or to obtain a confession, a good interview can have a significant impact on an organization. However, if conducted improperly, the interview may be rendered worthless or can result in serious negative consequences for all involved. There can be many reasons why interrogations fail, some foreseeable, some not. But by eliminating and minimizing identifiable causes of failure such as preparing for the interrogation, establishing a set plan, building a good relationship with the interrogation subject etc., investigators can have a more higher rate of success. The important factors when conducting an interrogation:- Preparing the Investigation The most important factor is developing a preparation plan. Factors to consider when preparing this plan are the setting and environment, knowledge of case facts, familiarity with subjects’ backgrounds, and methods of documenting confessions. Setting and Environmental Consideration It is important that the investigator be in control of not only the flow of the interrogation but also the environmental setting such as a small, controlled, sound-insulated room that is free from diversions. This ensures that the suspects are only allowed to concentrate on answering the relative questions. Case Facts Knowledge The investigator should have full knowledge of all the facts of the case as well as know which factors are the more important ones. When an investigator is able to state out these facts confidently and with proof, the subjects are more likely to provide the necessary vital information. Familiarity with Subjects Backgrounds Having good knowledge of a subject’s background, such as their feelings, attitude and personal values as subjects usually make confessions based on how they feel then defend themselves with logic. Documenting Confessions Officers/investigators should settle all details regarding the documentation of the interrogation that is the video or audio recordings as well as written documentation, before beginning the interrogation so as to not make the subject feel unimportant and lead to an unsuccessful interrogation. Distinguishing Between Interrogation and Interviews There should be a clear distinction between an interview and an interrogation. An interview should always be conducted first before deciding on an interrogation. Interviews are done to get all the most basic information of the suspects’ involvement of a case. Once it is confirmed that the suspect is involved only then should they proceed to an interrogation. Developing Persuasive Themes and Arguments It is important to have the proper arguments and themes in persuading the subject to tell the truth. Three points stated that will help to make the interview successful in this area are first, investigators should gain more experience as every interview conducted provides different ideas. Second is planning their themes and arguments so as to tackle the subject into answering inquiries, but in a legal way. Third would be conducting good first interviews and identifying the subjects’ key responses, allowing there to be plenty of topics to be converted into themes.

Water Quality Pollution

Water Quality Pollution TOPIC: WATER QUALITY REPORT Question one: Potential sources of pollution and their potential impact on human health and environment. The Bevern River in Wales has for many years been clean and free from pollution. However in the recent years it have faced different threats of pollution that have posed risk to the water environment and the existence of the several fish species living in it. The major potential source of pollution to the Bevern stream is the sewage system that runs along the Bevern stream the inspection chambers between the Barcombe and the Barcombe sewage treatment work overflow sometimes and the waste are directed to the stream. The overflow has made the levels of the E. coli to rise above the normal required amount in such a stream. The feaces also contain a lot of ammonia and has therefore increased the amount of the dissolved Nitrogen and phosphates. The surrounding that is also polluted with the sewage wastes has also raised a concern over pollution in the stream. The waste is washed down the stream during rain season and the problem of pollution therefore continues. In September 2007, the problem of serious pollution was encountered in the Bevern stream when the raw sewage burst into the stream. The raw sewage has more health and environmental effects than the treated sewage and during the leak of the raw wastes into the river; the water quality was adversely affected. (Lorna, and Jamie, 2001) The dangers that are associated with the problem of pollution are serious. The pollutant cause the rise of the E. coli and amount of the dissolved phosphates and Nitrates that also reduce the amount of Dissolved Oxygen in the water that can affect the life of the species living in the waters that cannot cope with low oxygen. The problem of overflow of the Inspection chamber was solved but the danger still remains as the as the walls of the river near the chamber are weak and with the slightest rain, they can still burst and overflow. Bevern stream drains its water to Sussex River Ouse whose tributaries are at risk from the pollution of the several sewage treatment plants that drain the sewage waste to these streams. As a result, the Sussex river remain threatened to pollution from these treatment plants that have very low standards according to the river Sussex Conservation Society and other societies. The often breakdown of the infrastructure around the Bevern stream is also a potential source of water pollution in the stream. The presence of high levels of E. coli and low dissolved oxygen can lead to the death of the fish species in the water. The pollution of the water with Nitrates and Phosphates is also dangerous as it can lead to the growth of harmful water plants that can cause effect to the vertebrates in the river and can also reduce the rate of floe of the river that can also affect the amount of Dissolved Oxygen. The solid wastes from Wales community neighboring the stream also block the flow of water in the Bevern stream, the solid wastes also increase sediments in the river that affect the movement of the vertebrates hence lack food and die. They also destroy the breeding sites which has adversely reduced the number of species in the water. The consumption of this polluted water can be dangerous to human health as they cause Typhoid from the E. Coli bacteria present in the water from the sewage wastes. Question Two: The limitations to obtaining data on water quality that accurately reflects the changing conditions in the stream. The collection of data on the quality of water in Bevern stream is not efficient and reliable. The problem of collecting data is associated with the changing in the fauna and flora in the stream, at the mouth of the where the tributary Bevern joins River Sussex, there are several species of vertebrates which are as a result of low level of pollution at the site while in the lower mainstream of the river, there are less species as they die from the immediate sewage pollution from the Barcombe sewage treatment section. If samples of the water are taken from these two points of the stream, there will be a great difference in the results that cannot be relied for the real water quality changes currently experienced in the river. Several snail species that are not capable of surviving in low dissolved Oxygen die at some point of the stream as well as nymph. (Duncan, and Horan, 2003) This is from the increase in the level of the phosphates and ammonia level in the water. There is a greater difference in the quality of water at different points of the river, the data collected therefore should not be limited to few samples and should include several samples from different points. The analysis carried out on the water should be used to look for an average so that the water quality results can be compared to the European Community Fresh Water Fish Directive. The other limitation that can also emerge from the data is from the capability of different vertebrates and other species to survive in different water quality. Some can survive in low dissolved Oxygen while some like fish cannot. The PH of the water may also not be fit for some animal species but can favor some. Therefore it is very unreliable to collect data at the stream based on some factors. The stream should be upgraded to the salmonid water quality standards which are rigorous than the EC standards. The Bevern water quality deteriorates downstream as a result of the treated sewage discharge into the stream Dichling which is closer to the sewage discharge. The effect on the quality of water also depends on the season, for example during the dry summer seasons; the stream water quality is very poor as compare to the winter. The standards are compared for two fish species, the Salmonid and the Cyprinid in which the former is delicate and need extremely high quality water. (Lorna, and Jamie, 2001) Question Three: Outline what the results for nutrient levels (e.g., ammonia, nitrate and phosphates) tell you about the trophic status of the stream. Trophic status of a water body is defined in relation to the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients present in the water as well as the algae. These two nutrients are the key determinants of the trophic status which is the biological fertility or productivity of the water body. The levels of the three nutrients in the Bevern stream are significantly higher than the standard EC Fisheries directives for both the Salmonid and Cyprinid species. (Crompton, 2002) This indicates that the stream is relatively productive which is the reason why the stream has a lot of plants growing in it as well as algae in the water. These plants provide food for the different vertebrates in the water that result to breeding and increase in the number of species in the stream. The nymph in the stream eats the algae. The fish feed on these small invertebrates and from their waste they add the amount of Ammonia and phosphates in the water. The balance between the levels of these nutrients is maint ained through the different trophic levels. Treated sewage discharge from Barcombe treatment section into the stream help to increase the levels of these nutrients. The high level of Dissolved Oxygen is also favorable for the increment of the fertility of the stream that increases productivity. The DO in the stream is very high as compared to the set EC standards for dissolved oxygen as seen from the table above. Oxygen favors the development of algae and other water plants. The availability of these plants is a ready source of food to some species. This result to the increase in number of this species which form food for the fish and other vertebrates. The trophic status of the Bevern stream is reasonably high and the future increase in the number of species is possible as long as pollution is controlled. Bavern stream fresh water aquatic environment studies showed that at the mouth of river Sussex, there are several species of fish that exist as a result of the trophic status in the stream. The problem of pollution in the stream has been sought by the Environmental Agency and this has assisted in the improvement and maintenance of good trophic status in the stream. Question Four: What do the bacteriological data tell you about levels and sources of faecal pollution in the Bevern stream? The level of the Escherichia coli is 64000 per 100ml and the Entercoli is 32000 per 100ml. These values are very high in the stream which shows that there is faecal pollution in the stream. The faecal pollution is from the sewage discharge from the treatment works along the stream. The are also possibilities of untreated sewage discharge into the stream that has caused in the high level of the Enterococci which is a colony of the intestinal coli in water. The levels are triggered by the leakage of the September incident where the sewage over flew into the river. The surrounding area may also be producing faecal pollution into the stream. The animal faeces in the nearby forest is responsible for the intestinal coli in the stream which are very high. Generally the water quality in Bevern stream is good and favorable for aquatic biodiversity as the level of Dissolved Oxygen and the ammonia and phosphate nutrients are high. The E. coli is high which is dangerous to the health of the people living around the stream. (Crompton, 2002) The faecal pollution is a major source of the waterborne diseases that affect the community living around. The sources of the faecal pollution are many and cannot be avoided unless the level of treatment for the sewage discharged in the stream is raised to better standards. The biological data shows that the stream is more polluted with the faecal wastes from both the treated sewage and the surrounding area which is also potential source of faecal pollution for the Bevern stream. The intestinal coli is a guarantee that their must be some direct disposal of feaces into the stream without treatment or there is discharge of raw sewage into the stream. This also shows that there are infected people around with the E. coli bacteria that cause Typhoid, Dysentery or Diarrhea in human beings. However it has not been proved that water shrew faeces are present in the stream. The current research that is being conducted by the Sussex Conservation Society is underway where plastic tubes are set near the water with muslin bait at one end, the shrews will enter in the tube to feed on this delicacy. If they are found then the faecal wastes will be too high which will have attracted the faecal shrews. (www.sussex-ouse.org.uk/research/index.htm) References Crompton, R. (2000). Determination of Organic Compound in Water, (New York, Mac Graw Hill) Lorna, F. and Jamie, B. (2001). Water Quality, Guidelines, Quality and Health, (London, MacMillan) Joseph, A. (2004). Waterborne Zoonoses, (London, MacMillan) Mason, F. (2002). Biology of Freshwater, (New York, Wesley) Duncan, D. and Horan, J. (2003). Water and Wastewater Microbiology, (London, Oxford University Press) Bull, T. and Marrs, L. (1998). Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes, (London, Oxford University Press) Kavanagh, D. (2006). A Country Pillow Book, (London, Cambridge University Press) Information on the Bevern Stream also available from www.sussex.org.uk (Retrieved on 15th April, 2008)